Электромагнитные явления, связанные с динамикой пылевых частиц в атмосферах/ Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to The Dynamics of Dust Particles in Planetary Atmospheres тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 00.00.00, кандидат наук Абделаал Мохамад Эссам Сайед

• Абделаал Мохамад Эссам Сайед
• кандидат наук
• 2025

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Абделаал Мохамад Эссам Сайед

Contents

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Introduction

Chapter 1 Electromagnetic Noise in the Near-Surface Planetary Atmosphere

1.1 Non-Thermal Electromagnetic Noise in Nature and Planetary Environments

1.2 Dust Particle Composition

1.3 Charging Mechanisms and Particle Motion

1.4 Dust Particle Discharge and Associated EM Emissions

1.5 Estimating Signal Levels during dust particle discharge

1.6 Observational Approaches

1.6.1 Earth-Based Observations

1.6.3 Laboratory Simulations

1.6.4 Field Measurements on Earth

1.7 Instrumentation for Studying Electromagnetic emissions in Planetary Atmospheres

1.7.1 Instrument Calibration and Data Recording

Chapter 2 Experimental Modeling of Dust Discharge Phenomena in Simulated Terrestrial Environments

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Impact of Dust Particles on Atmospheric Dynamics

2.3 Charge Transfer and Electromagnetic Signatures of Dust Discharges

2.4 Dust Vortex Generation and Signal Acquisition Setup

2.5 Material Characterization and Compositional Analysis

2.6 Results and Discussion

2.6.1 Signal Generation Mechanisms

2.6.2 Results of Laboratory Simulations

Chapter 3 Experimental Simulation of Atmospheric Discharges and Interactions with Charged Dust Particles

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Dust Particle Dynamics and Atmospheric Interactions

3.3 Experimental Investigations

3.3.1 Setup and Signal Acquisition Protocol

3.3.2 Piezoelectric Discharge Experiments

3.3.3 Discharge Events in Vacuum conditions

3.4 Analytical Discussion of Experimental Findings

3.4.1 Discharge Signatures from Piezoelectric Ignition Events

3.4.2 Electromagnetic Signatures of Discharge Events in Vacuum

3.4.3 Numerical Modeling of Injector-Generated Electric Fields

Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Phenomena in Simulated Martian Atmosphere

4.1 Background and Motivation

4.2 Dust-Driven Discharges on Mars

4.3 Experimental Framework

3.4.4 Paschen Curve Measurement Setup

3.4.5 Setup for recording EM emissions from charged dust particles collisions

3.4.6 Dust Sample Preparation and Analysis

4.4 Results and Interpretation

4.4.1 Breakdown Voltage in CO2 (Paschen's Law)

4.4.2 Electromagnetic Activity in Dust Interactions

4.4.3 Signal Processing and Analytical Framework

Chapter 5 Electromagnetic Phenomena in Natural Arid Environments: Field Observations and Implications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Dust Electrification and Emission Processes

5.2.1 Triboelectric Charging and Saltation Processes

5.2.2 Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Emissions During Dust Collisions

5.3 Field Study

5.3.1 Study Area and Conditions

5.3.2 Dust Characterization and Sample Analysis

5.3.3 Influence of Particle Size and Composition in Electromagnetic Discharge Processes

5.3.4 Instrumentation and Field Configuration

5.3.5 Functionality of the Dust Complex and EMA Device in the Field

5.4 Observational Results

5.4.1 Signal Identification and Analysis

5.4.2 Signal Classification and Origins

5.4.3 Correlation with Meteorological Drivers

5.5 Discussion

Conclusions

Bibliography

List of Figures

List of Tables

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Электромагнитные явления, связанные с динамикой пылевых частиц в атмосферах/ Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to The Dynamics of Dust Particles in Planetary Atmospheres»

Introduction

Dust dynamics in planetary atmospheres has emerged as a subject of increasing scientific interest due to its implications for atmospheric chemistry, surface-atmosphere interactions, and planetary habitability. In recent decades, terrestrial observations and extraterrestrial missions have underscored the complex interplay between dust particle motion and atmospheric phenomena. Dust-laden flows contribute not only to thermal and dynamic modifications of the atmospheric column but also to the generation of electric fields, charge separation, and, under specific conditions, electrical discharges. These phenomena are of both theoretical and practical interest, particularly in light of ongoing and planned robotic and crewed missions to dusty planetary bodies such as Mars, Venus, and the Moon, where surface-based systems may be directly affected by charged particle interactions.

Dust electrification—driven by inter-particle collisions and ambient environmental factors—is a key process in understanding atmospheric electricity in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial contexts. On Earth, the electrification of dust is a well-documented feature of desert dust devils and large-scale sandstorms. Observational and experimental studies have demonstrated that when particles collide in low-humidity conditions, significant charge separation can occur despite the overall neutrality of the dust cloud [1-3]. These phenomena are generally understood within the framework of triboelectric charging and electrostatic induction, and their signatures have been measured directly in field campaigns, revealing substantial electric fields. Extending this understanding to planetary environments, Mars emerges as an especially compelling case. The Martian atmosphere, dominated by CO2 at low pressure (~6 mbar), supports extensive dust activity due to its arid surface, strong diurnal temperature gradients, and frequent high-velocity winds. Martian dust devils, considerably larger than their Earth-bound analogs, can span several kilometers in height and width, forming in equatorial and mid-latitude regions under conditions conducive to vertical convection and vortex generation [4,5]. The vortex winds associated with these structures may exceed ambient wind speeds by a factor of five, while also producing temperature anomalies that approach those observed in terrestrial convective storms.

Even more significant are Mars' global dust storms—massive meteorological events that can evolve from localized disturbances into planet-encircling systems within two to three weeks [6,7]. These storms provide optimal conditions for vertical mixing and frequent particle collisions, the essential precursors for large-scale dust electrification. Theoretical models and laboratory simulations suggest that, under such circumstances, Martian dust grains may acquire significant charge densities. This may lead to atmospheric electrical breakdown, influence chemical reactions, and pose risks to mission safety [8-10].

The mechanisms underlying dust charging in planetary atmospheres remain a subject of ongoing research. In heterogeneous mixtures, charging is influenced primarily by differences in material properties, such as work function or electron affinity [11]. In contrast, homogeneous dust clouds exhibit a size-dependent charging behavior, wherein smaller grains tend to become negatively charged and larger grains positively charged [12-15]. Convective updrafts and turbulent mixing further promote vertical stratification, creating dipolar structures where charged particles are distributed in a manner conducive to the development of large-scale electric fields [1,16-18]. Although extensive theoretical work supports the plausibility of Martian dust electrification, empirical validation remains limited. To date, only a few in-situ measurements of electric fields associated with Martian dust activity have been reported, and these are often incomplete in terms of meteorological context or spatial resolution [1,2,17-19]. Moreover, some observational results have shown unexpected configurations—such as downward-directed electric fields—contrary to the upward-directed fields predicted by standard dipole models [20-23]. These discrepancies suggest that additional, as yet unidentified, variables may modulate dust charging in situ, including particle morphology, humidity, ambient ion concentrations, and planetary boundary layer dynamics.

On Earth, it is well documented that wind-driven sand and dust can generate electric fields exceeding 100 kV/m. However, these values fall below the threshold of approximately 3 MV/m required to initiate atmospheric electrical breakdown and lightning under terrestrial conditions [10,24,25]. In contrast, the much thinner atmosphere of Mars lowers this breakdown threshold significantly, with estimates ranging from 20 to 30 kV/m [26]. Consequently, researchers have proposed that electrostatic charging during Martian dust storms may be sufficient to produce lightning-like electrical discharges—a hypothesis supported by both theoretical modeling and laboratory simulations [8,15,27-30]. Supporting this idea, [31] reported periodic variations in non-thermal microwave emissions during a Martian dust storm, which were interpreted as potential evidence for the excitation of Schumann resonances by electrical discharges. Laboratory experiments under Mars-analog conditions have substantiated the plausibility of such discharges and have been instrumental in bridging the gap between theoretical predictions and the limited in-situ measurements available for Mars. Simulations conducted under Martian atmospheric conditions—specifically low-pressure CO2 environments using analog dust materials—have demonstrated that individual dust grains can acquire charge magnitudes on the order of 104 elementary charges [8]. These charge densities can generate localized electric fields sufficient to exceed Martian breakdown thresholds and initiate discharges. [15]. Two main types of emissions have been proposed: (1) filamentary discharges resulting from macroscopic dipole realignment, which produce electromagnetic radiation in the very low frequency (VLF, 3-30

kHz) radiation similar to terrestrial lightning, and (2) glow discharges caused by microscopic charge reorganization at the grain level, radiating in the medium to high frequency (MF/HF, 300 kHz-30 MHz) range [28].

To investigate the presence of such electrical activity in the Martian environment, the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) instrument aboard Mars Express has conducted extensive radio frequency observations in the 1.3-5.5 MHz range. Although MARSIS did not detect emissions within the 4.0-5.5 MHz band, this result does not exclude the possibility of electrical discharges occurring at frequencies outside the instrument's sensitivity, particularly in the lower frequency range associated with large-scale filamentary events or at higher frequencies characteristic of corona discharges [26]. These findings constitute a key motivation for this study, which aims to explore the conditions and mechanisms that govern medium-frequency electromagnetic emissions from terrestrial and Martian dust-related electrical activity.

Electrified dust clouds may also influence atmospheric chemistry by catalyzing the formation of reactive species such as hydrogen peroxide and perchlorates, which in turn could oxidize organic compounds and influence surface habitability assessments [24,32,33]. Furthermore, the presence of high electric fields or discharges could interfere with communication systems, surface-based electronics, or even human physiology during future manned missions, elevating the importance of this research for mission planning and risk assessment [34]. Despite the lack of confirmed lightning events or direct optical observations of discharges on Mars, a body of circumstantial evidence, combined with compelling terrestrial analogs, argues for the plausibility of electrical activity during Martian dust storms [35,36]. These findings justify renewed efforts to monitor electromagnetic emissions, particularly through dedicated instrumentation on future missions such as those proposed under the Mars Sample Return and human exploration roadmaps. While Mars offers a compelling example of atmospheric dust electrification under low-pressure CO2 conditions, airless bodies such as the Moon exhibit a distinct but equally complex electrostatic environment driven by solar wind and UV exposure. The Moon presents a unique case among planetary bodies due to its extremely tenuous exosphere, which exists at pressures near 10~12 mbar—comparable to the vacuum conditions in low Earth orbit [34]. This exosphere, composed of trace amounts of helium, neon, argon, and other light volatiles, is insufficient to influence the near-surface electrostatic environment. Instead, this environment is shaped predominantly by external sources: solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, solar wind plasma, and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) [37,38]. The continuous exposure of the lunar regolith to these energetic fluxes generates a highly dynamic and spatially variable electrostatic regime. The solar wind, comprising electrons and protons with a typical density of ~5 e~ cm3 and velocities around

400 km/s, is the primary agent of surface charging [39]. Although cosmic ray densities are several orders of magnitude lower, their high energies enable deep dielectric charging of the regolith—potentially down to depths of one meter—due to the Moon's lack of magnetic shielding and the regolith's poor electrical conductivity. These conditions allow electrostatic discharges to occur within subsurface layers, a phenomenon now being quantified using models based on data from NASA's ARTEMIS mission [40,41]. These models aim to estimate the electric field strength generated by particle irradiation and assess the likelihood of dielectric breakdown beneath the lunar surface.

The influence of electrostatic forces on the lunar surface extends beyond subsurface processes to include observable dust mobilization. Unlike bodies with significant atmospheres, where dust transport is governed by aerodynamic forces, lunar dust is primarily mobilized through electrostatic mechanisms. Observational evidence for this behavior was first recorded during the NASA Surveyor missions in the 1960s, where Surveyor 5, 6, and 7 landers captured images of an unexpected horizon glow. This optical phenomenon was interpreted as sunlight scattered by submicron-sized dust particles levitated above the lunar surface [34]. The proposed mechanism involves electrostatic lofting, where UV photoemission and solar wind-induced charging create electric fields near the lunar terminator strong enough to lift fine particles to altitudes of up to one meter. Unlike transient meteorite impacts, which could not account for the density or spatial extent of the observed glow, electrostatic dust transport provides a persistent and repeatable explanation consistent with the Moon's environmental conditions [42,43]. These phenomena underscore the need to further investigate dust-plasma interactions on airless bodies, both for scientific understanding and to mitigate risks to surface operations and instrumentation. In contrast to both Mars and the Moon, Venus presents a high-pressure, sulfur-rich environment where electrification processes are shaped by dense aerosols and intense solar interactions [44]. Venus presents an intriguing case for planetary atmospheric electrification due to its dense, CO2-dominated atmosphere, which is nearly 90 times the pressure of Earth's and maintains surface temperatures exceeding 457 °C due to the most intense greenhouse effect in the Solar System. While the lower Venusian atmosphere remains relatively clear up to 32 km altitude, a thin haze layer containing dust and aerosols extends upward to approximately 47 km, where a dense cloud deck composed primarily of sulfuric acid droplets begins [34]. Notably, the lower portion of this cloud layer harbors large, solid particles of unknown origin, first detected by the Pioneer Venus mission [45]. These aerosols, especially the sulfuric acid droplets in the upper layers, are capable of acquiring substantial electric charges, raising the possibility of lightning generation [46]. Evidence for lightning on Venus has steadily accumulated since the Soviet Venera missions, which conducted atmospheric composition analyses between 1967 and 1975. These early studies

suggested that minor components such as nitrogen oxides could originate from lightning-driven chemistry, analogous to mechanisms observed on Earth. Observations of transient luminous events, like the "ashen light" on the planet's night side, further hinted at electrical discharges [47]. Definitive evidence came with the GROZA experiment aboard Venera 11 and 12 in December 1978, which recorded over a thousand very low frequency (8-90 kHz) electromagnetic impulses during descent—remarkably similar to terrestrial lightning but with higher discharge rates. These signals, captured down to 8 km altitude, confirmed frequent lightning activity—up to 50 discharges per second in active regions—and provided a plausible mechanism for the observed night-side glow [48]. While GROZA experiment successfully recorded VLF impulses consistent with lightning discharges, direct, high-resolution in-situ measurements of atmospheric electrification—such as field strength, charge separation mechanisms, and ion density profiles—are still lacking.

Further support for frequent electrical activity comes from a re-examination of VLF data collected by the Venera 11-13 landers, which reveal power-law amplitude scaling and distinct discharge profiles. In contrast to Earth—where lightning tends to follow predictable geographic and seasonal patterns—Venusian discharges exhibit strong spatial and temporal variability, likely driven by the dynamic behavior of the cloud layers and the high optical opacity of the atmosphere. This optical thickness complicates the detection of lightning from orbit or Earth-based telescopes, even when radio-frequency evidence is present [47].

Although direct in-situ measurements of electric field strengths and charge carriers are still lacking, strong indirect evidence continues to emerge. Remote sensing observations from the Soviet Venera program, NASA's Pioneer Venus, and ESA's Venus Express missions, as well as ground-based telescopic campaigns, have consistently supported the presence of lightning activity in Venus's atmosphere [49]. Nevertheless, the phenomenon remains controversial, with some atmospheric models arguing that the expected conductivity and aerosol concentrations are insufficient to sustain conventional lightning discharges [50].

Unlike Earth, Venus lacks an intrinsic magnetic field, exposing its upper atmosphere to direct solar wind interaction. This interaction creates a dynamic ionospheric environment, including a bow shock and magnetotail, where solar UV radiation ionizes upper atmospheric atoms [34]. Venus Express data revealed that solar wind particles can penetrate deeply into the upper atmosphere and produce faint luminous events via collisions with CO2 molecules, further complicating the planet's electrostatic dynamics [51-53]. These findings, coupled with the upcoming missions like Venera-D and proposed DAVINCI+, emphasize the importance of continued investigation into Venus's electrified atmosphere and the roles of aerosols and charged particles in modulating its energetic processes [54,55].

The diversity of electrified dust phenomena observed or hypothesized across Venus, the Moon, Earth, and Mars illustrates the fundamental role of charged aerosols and particulate dynamics in shaping planetary near-surface environments. These diverse electrostatic regimes underscore the importance of systematic, cross-planetary investigation into dust dynamics and their electromagnetic manifestations. Building upon these planetary insights, the present research focuses on unraveling the fundamental processes of dust charging, discharge, and associated electromagnetic emissions under conditions representative of near-surface environments on Mars and Earth, using a combination of theoretical modeling, laboratory simulation, and field experimentation.

Relevance of the research topic

Understanding the electromagnetic behavior of dust in planetary atmospheres is critical for planetary science, space exploration, and mission safety. Charged dust can affect atmospheric physics, interfere with instrumentation, and pose risks to both robotic and crewed missions. Despite strong theoretical predictions and indirect observational evidence, direct high-fidelity measurements of dust electrification, discharge initiation, and associated electromagnetic (EM) emissions remain poorly understood. Most previous investigations have focused on large-scale atmospheric dynamics or bulk electrical properties, without capturing the microphysical interactions responsible for charge separation and discharge phenomena. This limitation arises from the absence of experiments specifically designed to investigate these phenomena, the challenges of reproducing planetary boundary layer conditions on Earth, and the lack of instruments sensitive enough to detect weak, non-thermal EM emissions generated by microscale collisions and discharges.

As a result, the main motivation in this work is to investigate the dynamics of dust particles to detect, interpret, and model non-thermal electromagnetic emissions generated by charged dust particle interactions under conditions mimicking those on Mars and Earth, a method that has not previously been employed in planetary studies. By employing a comparative planetary framework, this study advances our understanding of electrostatic and electromagnetic processes across diverse environments, thereby strengthening the scientific and engineering foundations necessary for future planetary exploration and effective risk mitigation.

The objectives of the dissertation

The primary objective of the dissertation is to investigate the mechanisms and characteristics of electromagnetic radiation generation during the interactions of charged dust particles in the near-surface layers of planetary atmospheres, particularly those of Mars and Earth. Special attention is paid to the processes of dust particle charging and discharging under

conditions that simulate planetary atmospheric and surface environments, with focus on simulating the near-surface atmosphere of Mars and Earth.

To achieve this goal, the following specific research objectives were formulated:

1. To analyze the physical processes responsible for electromagnetic radiation generated during dynamic collisions and discharges of triboelectrically charged dust particles.

2. To study the interaction of charged dust particles during their dynamics under conditions of simulated Martian and terrestrial atmospheres.

3. To investigate dust-induced electrical discharges under vacuum and low-pressure conditions relevant to the upper atmospheres of Earth and Mars, as well as the surfaces of airless celestial bodies such as the Moon and asteroids.

4. To measure, classify, and interpret electromagnetic signals generated by triboelectric and electrostatic interactions in both laboratory experiments and natural field environments.

5. To validate the experimental discharge models by comparing laboratory-generated data with results obtained during field campaigns in arid terrestrial environments.

6. To adapt and calibrate the Electromagnetic Analyzer (EMA), originally developed for the ExoMars Dust Complex, for use in laboratory simulations and Earth-based field studies of dust-related electromagnetic activity.

7. To refine and expand theoretical models of electrostatic discharge and electromagnetic emission under planetary boundary conditions by incorporating variables such as gas composition, pressure, particle size, and material properties.

8. To develop and apply a data processing and analysis framework for high-resolution signal classification, spectral decomposition, and burst detection across the LF-MF frequency bands, enabling robust time-frequency diagnostics of electromagnetic emissions.

Scientific Novelty

• For the first time, discharge dynamics and electromagnetic signatures arising from the collisions of charged dust particles were experimentally investigated across diverse dust compositions and gas environments representative of Mars, Earth, and near-vacuum conditions. This approach provides a versatile platform for studying dust-related electrification phenomena across diverse planetary settings.

• For the first time, non-thermal electromagnetic emissions were recorded during controlled laboratory simulations of dust-laden flows under terrestrial atmospheric

conditions, confirming that triboelectric charging during saltation and uplift can produce detectable broadband radio emissions in dusty planetary boundary layers.

• For the first time, electromagnetic signals were experimentally registered under CO2-rich, low-pressure environments simulating the Martian atmosphere. The observed emissions, falling within the low-frequency (LF) and medium-frequency (MF) bands, are consistent with theoretical predictions for triboelectric and glow discharge processes occurring below the Paschen breakdown threshold for Mars.

• For the first time, field measurements in a natural arid environment (Kalmykian steppe, Russia) confirmed the generation of triboelectric microdischarges during dust transport events. These emissions, recorded under moderate wind and low humidity, validate the laboratory modeling approach and demonstrate the practical relevance of laboratory results to Martian surface conditions.

• For the first time, a unified diagnostic framework was developed to detect and classify electromagnetic signals generated by dust particles interactions in planetary environments. This framework integrates time-domain analysis, spectral decomposition, and continuous wavelet transforms, and has been validated across multiple experimental environments, providing a foundation for future in-situ instrumentation on planetary missions.

• Custom-designed laboratory setups enabled the simulation of small-scale dust vortices under controlled conditions, replicating the processes of dust storms and vortices occurring in the near-surface layers of Mars (using vacuum chambers and simulated Martian atmospheric composition) as well as in arid regions of Earth. These setups allowed for reproducible testing of discharge conditions and signal generation across various mineral compositions and grain sizes.

• The experimental work was conducted using the Electromagnetic Analyzer (EMA), originally developed as part of the Dust Complex (DC) instrument suited for the ExoMars 2022 landing platform. Its adaptation and application in both laboratory and field studies represent a novel methodological advance in planetary instrumentation.

Scientific Statements for the defense

• A new method has been developed for laboratory modeling of the generation of non-thermal electromagnetic radiation during collisions of charged dust particles, simulating electromagnetic processes during active dust dynamics (dust storms, vortices) in terrestrial and Martian conditions. To record electromagnetic radiation, an adapted version of the electromagnetic analyzer (EMA) in the frequency range from 100 kHz to

1500 kHz was used, created for the Dust Complex (DC) instrument, which is part of the scientific equipment of the ExoMars-2022 project. Electromagnetic radiation recorded by this device in simulated environments and in the natural field represents the first measurements of broadband EM signals associated with microdischarges of triboelectrically charged dust particles in the boundary layers of planets.

• Laboratory setups have been developed to simulate the dynamics of dust particles in atmospheric conditions analogous to those on Mars and Earth. These setups have made it possible to create controlled small-scale dust vortices at different pressures and gas compositions, which has made it possible to characterize the conditions and parameters of discharges using dust particles made of different materials.

• Electromagnetic emissions consistent with microdischarges were recorded during collisions of charged mineral dust particles in a CO2-rich, low-pressure environment simulating the Martian atmosphere. These emissions occurred at electric field strengths lower than those required under terrestrial conditions, confirming the feasibility of discharge initiation under Martian Paschen conditions. The resulting emissions were recorded in the LF and MF bands, consistent with theoretical expectations for glow discharge modes [28].

• In-situ field observations conducted in the arid region of Kalmykia revealed electromagnetic bursts associated with dust dynamics were generated during natural dust lifting, transport events, and particle collisions. Such processes confirm the occurrence of triboelectric charging of dust particles and microdischarges during their collisions. These signals are modulated by environmental factors such as humidity, wind speed and demonstrate distinct spectral and temporal structures. The results of these measurements confirm analogies with the expected phenomena during the Martian dust storm and confirm the applicability of laboratory modeling for studying field-scale dust electrification processes.

Scientific and practical significance of the work

The scientific significance of this work lies in its contribution to the understanding of dust particles interactions and non-thermal electromagnetic (EM) phenomena in planetary boundary layers. For the first time, systematic laboratory and field investigations were conducted to explore electromagnetic emissions arising from triboelectric interactions effect of dust particles under simulated terrestrial and Martian conditions in addition to natural arid terrestrial environments. These results bridge a longstanding gap between theoretical predictions and the lack of direct in-situ observations of electrical activity in

dusty planetary atmospheres. The results provide empirical validation of models predicting electrical discharges, and surface charge separation processes under low-pressure CO2 atmospheres, contributing directly to planetary physics and atmospheric electrodynamics.

The practical significance of the work is associated with its application in the context of planetary exploration missions. The detection and classification of dust-induced electromagnetic emissions represent a critical advance for environmental monitoring on planetary surfaces, particularly Mars and the Moon, where electrified dust events can interfere with lander operations, communications, and instrumentation. The modified Electromagnetic Analyzer (EMA), originally developed for the ExoMars mission, has been successfully adapted and validated for laboratory and terrestrial field use—marking a key technological development in planetary sensor instrumentation. The findings inform the design of future dust-electricity detection systems, enhance safety assessments for human and robotic missions, and support the modeling of dust-related hazards in space weather environments.

Methodology and Research Methods

The methodological approach of this work is based on a combination of theoretical modeling, laboratory simulation, field measurements, and advanced signal analysis techniques. The study is structured around the investigation of dust charging, discharge mechanisms, and electromagnetic emissions in planetary-like atmospheric environments.

The research methods include:

• Laboratory Experiments in Simulated Planetary Atmospheres: Custom-built chambers were used to simulate terrestrial, Martian and near-vacuum conditions with controlled gas pressure and dust material composition. Dust vortices were generated mechanically and thermally to induce particle collisions and charge separation.

• Use of the Electromagnetic Analyzer (EMA): A specially modified version of the EMA sensor, part of the ExoMars-2022 Dust Complex, was deployed for both laboratory and field studies. The device captured time-resolved electromagnetic signals from dust interactions across LF to HF frequency ranges.

• Field Measurements in Natural Arid Environments: Ground campaigns were conducted in dust-active terrestrial regions under low-humidity and moderate wind conditions to validate the laboratory findings under real-world conditions.

• Signal Processing and Analytical Techniques: Collected data were subjected to time-domain analysis, Fourier analysis, frequency-time distribution, and wavelet

transformation to characterize the temporal and spectral properties of the EM signals.

Author's Contribution

The author played a leading role in the design, construction, and execution of laboratory experiments simulating dynamic dust flows in Martian and terrestrial near-surface environments. These activities were carried out primarily in Department 53 of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS), with the author taking responsibility for developing specialized laboratory setups that enable the controlled reproduction of dust storm and vortex conditions relevant to planetary boundary layers.

As part of this work, the author conducted a series of laboratory experiments aimed at investigating the generation mechanisms of non-thermal electromagnetic emissions resulting from interactions of triboelectrically charged dust particles. The author also led the analysis of experimental data, including time-frequency signal decomposition and spectral diagnostics.

The author participated in field measurements during an expedition to the arid region of the Republic of Kalmykia (Russia), aimed at registering natural non-thermal electromagnetic emissions associated with dust uplift and transport. These measurements were conducted using the Electromagnetic Analyzer (EMA), a component of the Dust Complex instrument developed in Department 53 of IKI RAS in collaboration with OKB IKI (Tarusa). The expedition was organized by the Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere (IFA RAS), with the author holding a principal role in data collection and post-processing. In addition to experimental and field activities, the author contributed substantially to the theoretical modeling of electromagnetic radiation generation processes due to charge exchange and discharge mechanisms among dust particles. This included numerical simulations, analysis of particle charge dynamics, and the development of conceptual models linking dust kinematics to breakdown initiation and signal morphology. This theoretical work was conducted in collaboration with specialists from Departments 51 and 53 of IKI RAS, as well as colleagues from IFA RAS, with the author playing a central role in integrating the experimental findings into the theoretical framework.

Approbation of the work

The main results of this dissertation were presented and critically discussed during a research seminar at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI, RAS). The theoretical and experimental work, along with the key findings, received in-depth feedback from domain experts in planetary physics and atmospheric science. Furthermore, the results of this work have been presented in several oral and poster contributions at leading Russian and

international conferences and workshops dedicated to planetary exploration, dust-plasma interactions, and space instrumentation. These venues provided a valuable platform for validating the methodology and significance of the study among the global scientific community. The adapted Electromagnetic Analyzer (EMA), central to the experimental investigation, was demonstrated at multiple conferences as a novel tool for both laboratory and field applications. A complete chronological list of conferences and scientific events where the research work and dissertation findings were presented is provided as follows:

2020

• 63rd All-Russian Scientific Conference MIPT, November 23-29, 2020

Study of Dust Particle Trajectories by Simulating the Plasma Environment on the Moon's Surface — M.E. Abdelaal, et al.

2021

• 12th Moscow Solar System Symposium, Moscow, Russia, October 11-15, 2021 Investigation of Dust Particles Dynamics Under Airless Body Conditions: Experimental Setup — I.A. Shashkova, M.E. Abdelaal, et al.

• XVIII Conference of Young Scientists "Fundamental and Applied Space Research," IKI RAS, April 14-16, 2021

Studying the Trajectory of Dust Particles by Simulating the Plasma Environment on the Moon's Surface: Insights into Dust Charging and Levitation Mechanisms — M.E. Abdelaal, A.V. Zakharov

2022

• 20th International Conference "Modern Problems of Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space," IKI RAS, November 14-18, 2022

Analysis of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Noise for Assessing Dust Dynamics in the Martian Atmosphere — M.E. Abdelaal, A.V. Zakharov, et al.

• The Inaugural Forming and Exploring Habitable Worlds Meeting, Earth and Planetary Sciences Institute, University of Edinburgh, November 7-11, 2022

The Dynamics of Dust Particles and Electromagnetic Noise on Mars' Surface — M.E. Abdelaal, A.V. Zakharov, et al.

• The Optimizing Planetary in Situ Surface-Atmosphere Interaction Investigations Workshop, Virtual/Boise, Idaho, June 28-July 1, 2022

Dust Particle Dynamics and Electromagnetic Phenomena — M.E. Abdelaal, A.V. Zakharov, et al.

• 15th Quadrennial Solar Terrestrial Physics Symposium (STP-15), India, February 21-25, 2022

Study the Trajectory of Dust Particles by Simulating the Plasma Environment on the Lunar Surface — M.E. Abdelaal, et al.

• 53rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC), March 7-11, 2022 Investigation of the Dynamics of Dust Particles Under Airless Body Conditions to Study the Lunar Horizon Glow — M.E. Abdelaal, et al.

2023

• Outer Planets Analysis Group (OPAG) Meeting, Laurel, MD/Virtual, May 2-3, 2023 Electromagnetic Phenomena and the Dynamics of Dust Particles in Outer Planetary Environments — M.E. Abdelaal, A.V. Zakharov, et al.

• XX Conference of Young Scientists "Fundamental and Applied Space Research," IKI RAS, April 12-14, 2023

Electromagnetic Phenomena and the Dynamics of Dust Particles: Insights into Atmospheric Electrification and Charge Transfer Mechanisms — M.E. Abdelaal, I.V. Dokuchaev, A.V. Zakharov, et al.

• 6th Middle East and Africa Regional IAU Meeting, Cairo, Egypt, February 13-16, 2023 Electromagnetic Phenomena and the Dynamics of Dust Particles: Implications for Planetary Atmospheres and Climate Systems — M.E. Abdelaal, A.V. Zakharov, et al.

2024

• V Russian Conference on Turbulence, Atmospheric Dynamics and Climate, Moscow, RAS, November 19-21, 2024

On Electrical and Electromagnetic Properties of Aeolian Dust Flow Under Moderate Wind Conditions — M.E. Abdelaal, E.A. Malinovskaya, O.G. Chkhetiani, et al.

• 22nd International Conference on Modern Problems of Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space, IKI RAS, Moscow, November 11-15, 2024

Capabilities of the PmL Instrument for Dust-Plasma Sensing of Space Objects — G.G. Dolnikov, A.V. Zakharov, M.E. Abdelaal, et al.

• 15th Moscow Solar System Symposium (15M-S3), IKI RAS, October 21-25, 2024 Electromagnetic Phenomena in Dust Particle Dynamics Under Simulated Martian Atmosphere: An Experimental Study — M.E. Abdelaal et al.

• Venus Science Conference (Venus-SC 2024), Online, India, September 23-24, 2024 Comparative Analysis of Dust Phenomena and Electromagnetic Discharge Processes on Venus and Mars — M.E. Abdelaal et al.

Panel Talk: Dust Particles in Planetary Atmospheres — Presenter: M.E. Abdelaal

• COSPAR 2024 (Committee on Space Research), Busan, South Korea, July 17-18, 2024

- Electromagnetic Phenomena in Planetary Atmospheres: Insights from Laboratory Experiments and Planetary Missions — M.E. Abdelaal, M.A. Zaitsev, et al. (Session: C5.1-D4.1)

- Planetary Surface Simulator for Planetary Exploration and Astronautic Programs — M.E. Abdelaal (Session: B0.3)

• 21st International Workshop on Complex Systems of Charged Particles and Their Interactions with Electromagnetic Radiation, Moscow, Russia, April 7-11, 2024

- Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetic Phenomena in the Atmospheres of Earth, Mars, and Venus — M.E. Abdelaal, A.V. Zakharov

- Lunar Dusty Plasmas: Basic Physics Processes and Experimental Data of Luna-25 — S.I. Popel, A.V. Zakharov, M.E. Abdelaal, et al.

• III International Scientific and Practical Conference on Innovative Methods of Mathematics and Physics in Environmental and Hydrometeorological Studies, Saint Petersburg, Russia, April 5, 2024

Electromagnetic Oscillations During Electron Tunnel Transitions Between Interacting Dust Particles — E.A. Malinovskaya, M.E. Abdelaal

2025

• 21st International Workshop on Complex Systems of Charged Particles and Their Interactions with Electromagnetic Radiation, Moscow, Russia, April 8, 2025

- Electromagnetic Signatures of Dust-Induced Discharges in Simulated Planetary Conditions — M.E. Abdelaal, M.A. Zaitsev, I.V. Dokuchaev, et al.

- Experimental Simulation of Dust Plasma Near an Atmosphereless Space Body — I.A. Shashkova, I.A. Kuznetsov, M.E. Abdelaal, et al.

List of publications

The main dissertation and research results are published in papers indexed in Scopus and Web of Science and summarized as the following:

1. A. V. Zakharov, G. G. Dolnikov, I. A. Kuznetsov, A. N. Lyash, F. Esposito, C. Molfese, I. Arruego Rodriguez, E. Seran, M. Godefroy, A. E. Dubov, I. V. Dokuchaev, M. G. Knyazev, A. V. Bondarenko, V. M. Gotlib, V. N. Karedin, I. A. Shashkova, M. E. Abdelaal, A. A. Kartasheva, A. V. Shekhovtsova, S. A. Bednyakov, V. V. Barke, A. V. Yakovlev, V. A. Grushin, A. S. Bychkova, S. I. Popel, O. I. Korablev, D. S. Rodionov, N. S. Duxbury, O. F. Petrov, E. A. Lisin, M. M. Vasiliev, A. Yu. Poroikov, N. D. Borisov, F. Cortecchia, B. Saggin, F. Cozzolino, D. Brienza, D. Scaccabarozzi, G.

Mongelluzzo, G. Franzese, C. Porto, A. Martín Ortega Rico, N. Andrés Santiuste, J. R. de Mingo, C. I. Popa, S. Silvestro & J. R. Brucato. Dust complex for studying the dust particle dynamics in the near-surface atmosphere of Mars. Solar System Research, 2022, 56(6), 351-368.

2. Абделаал M.E., Захаров А.В., Докучаев И.В., Ляш А.Н., Кузнитсов I.A., Дубов А.Е., Дольников Г.Г., Бедняков С.А. Анализ низкочастотных электромагнитных шумов для оценки пылевой динамики атмосферы Марса. Материалы 20-й международной конференции «Современные проблемы дистанционного зондирования Земли из космоса», 2022, 234.

3. Abdelaal, M.E., Dokuchaev, I.V., Malinovskaya, E.A., Klimov, S.I., Dolnikov, G.G., & Zakharov, A.V. Experimental modeling of atmospheric discharge phenomena and charged dust particle interactions. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 2024, 11, 1347048.

4. Popel, S.I., Zelenyi, L.M., Zakharov, A.V., Kuznetsov, I.A., Dolnikov, G.G., Lyash, A.N., Shashkova, I.A., Kartasheva, A.A., Dubov, A.E., Abdelaal, M.E., & Reznichenko, Y.S. Circumlunar dusty plasma: main physical processes and experimental data obtained during the "Luna-25" mission. Plasma Physics Reports, 2024, 50(10), 1265-1279.

5. Малиновская Е.А., Абделаал М.Э.С. Электромагнитные колебания при туннельном переходе электронов между взаимодействующими частицами пыли. Сборник трудов Международной научно-практической конференции «Инновационные методы математики и физики в экологических и гидрометеорологических исследованиях», 2024, 143-149.

6. M. E. Abdelaal, I. V. Dokuchaev, I. A. Kuznetsov, I. A. Shashkova, A. N. Lyash, A. E. Dubov, Y. A. Obod, A. A. Kartasheva, G. G. Dolnikov, & A. V. Zakharov. Electromagnetic noise in the near-surface Martian atmosphere: research methods. Solar System Research, 2025, 59(71).

7. Abdelaal, M.E. & Zakharov, A.V. Electromagnetic Phenomena Induced by Charged Dust Particles Dynamics in Planetary Atmospheres: Laboratory Simulations and Field Observations, Solar System Research, 2025, 59(85).

The structure of the thesis

The dissertation consists of an introduction, five main chapters, a conclusion, and appendices.

Organization of the thesis

• Chapter 1: Provides a comprehensive review of dust-electromagnetic interactions, including charging mechanisms, discharge phenomena, and detection methods across different planetary bodies. It outlines observational and experimental frameworks and introduces the instrumentation used in this research.

• Chapter 2: Presents laboratory simulations of dust vortex formation and triboelectric charging under Earth-like conditions, focusing on signal acquisition, material characterization, and the mechanisms underlying dust-induced EM emissions.

• Chapter 3: Investigates discharge dynamics in low-pressure and near-vacuum conditions using specialized experimental setups to mimic upper atmospheric environments and airless bodies, with a focus on signal generation and analysis.

• Chapter 4: Describes the design and outcomes of experiments simulating near Martian atmospheric conditions, including Paschen curve measurements and analysis of electromagnetic signatures from dust particle collisions.

• Chapter 5: Reports on field campaigns in desert regions to observe dust electrification and EM signal emission in real-world conditions. The chapter discusses measurement configurations, data interpretation, and correlations with environmental drivers.

• Conclusion: Summarizes the major findings of the study, discusses their implications for planetary science and instrumentation, and provides recommendations for future research and mission applications.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Другие cпециальности», Абделаал Мохамад Эссам Сайед

Conclusions

This work has comprehensively explored the electromagnetic phenomena associated with dust particle dynamics in planetary atmospheres, with a primary focus on near-surface processes under Martian and terrestrial conditions. Through a combination of laboratory simulations, theoretical modeling, controlled discharge experiments, and in situ field measurements, this research has produced valuable insights into how charged dust particles interact with ambient atmospheric conditions to generate measurable electromagnetic (EM) emissions. The first key contribution of this work lies in the confirmation that triboelectric charging of dust particles in Martian-like environments can induce electrical discharges and generate broadband EM signals spanning low to high frequencies. Laboratory simulations conducted in Mars analog chambers demonstrated that under CO2-rich, low-pressure conditions, fine-grained silicate and magnetite-bearing particles accumulate substantial electrostatic charge, with discharges triggered at field strengths consistent with the Paschen curve for CO2. These discharges produce distinct transient electromagnetic pulses, confirming theoretical predictions of glow and filamentary discharge modes. Using a specially developed Electromagnetic Analyzer (EMA), originally designed for the ExoMars Dust Complex and adapted here for both laboratory and field deployments, this study successfully registered and analyzed these EM events in high temporal and spectral resolution.

A second major result of this research was the characterization of discharge behavior across different dust compositions and particle sizes under terrestrial atmospheric conditions. Experiments revealed that fine particles produced higher-frequency, lower-amplitude bursts, while coarser materials generated fewer but more intense discharges. Triboelectric and tunneling charge transfer mechanisms were confirmed as dominant contributors to signal generation. Power-law amplitude decay and spectral analyses showed strong correspondence between discharge dynamics and material-specific charge retention and recombination rates, validating and extending prior theoretical models.

The third major contribution involved replicating atmospheric breakdown and discharge events under high-voltage and piezoelectric conditions in near-vacuum environments. These experiments confirmed that the EMA is capable of reliably detecting high-speed micro-discharges and their electromagnetic signatures in conditions approximating Martian upper atmospheric or lunar surface environments. The ability to isolate signal morphology and frequency signatures for different excitation mechanisms provides a new diagnostic framework for interpreting EM activity on airless or low-pressure planetary bodies.

The fourth component of this work focused on field studies conducted in arid terrestrial environments, particularly desert regions exhibiting frequent dust transport. Here, dust electrization processes were observed under natural weather conditions, revealing that moderate wind speeds combined with low humidity strongly promote triboelectric charging and the onset of electromagnetic bursts. Correlation analyses demonstrated that these emissions coincide with the influx of positively charged particles and show spectral power concentrated above 300 kHz, with identifiable soliton-like structures and transient discharges. These findings underscore the relevance of the balloelectric effect and humidity gradients in real-world dust discharge phenomena and provide a framework for understanding similar interactions on Mars and Titan. The integrated analytical approach—spanning time-domain analysis, spectrogram decomposition, and wavelet transforms—enabled a comprehensive classification of EM events across multiple scales. Furthermore, this research bridged experimental evidence with planetary mission design by demonstrating that dust-driven electrical activity may interfere with sensitive electronics on future Mars landers and rovers. The results presented here justify the inclusion of EM sensors in future missions to characterize Martian atmospheric electricity, assess surface hazard potential, and study the electrodynamics of planetary dust cycles.

Taken together, the findings of this research word significantly advance our understanding of dust-induced electromagnetic phenomena in planetary atmospheres. The interdisciplinary methods developed—ranging from atmospheric simulation chambers and vacuum breakdown testing to field deployments and signal processing—establish a scalable and robust experimental platform for comparative planetary studies. This work lays the foundation for new instrumentation concepts and mission strategies targeting atmospheric electrification, with direct applications to Mars, the Moon, Venus, and potentially even Titan. The comprehensive characterization of discharge behavior, environmental drivers, and signal morphology presented in this research thus offers a valuable contribution to the fields of planetary science, atmospheric electricity, and space system engineering.

Looking forward, several promising avenues of future research and methodological refinement emerge from this work. One key direction involves extending laboratory experiments to simulate more diverse planetary environments—such as the sulfuric acid-rich clouds of Venus or the ultra-thin exospheres of airless bodies like Phobos and Mercury—using advanced atmospheric simulators with tunable pressure, temperature, and gas composition. Enhancements to the Electromagnetic Analyzer (EMA), including improvements in sensitivity, miniaturization, and real-time signal classification algorithms based on machine learning, would significantly broaden its applicability in both in situ planetary missions and terrestrial testbeds. Moreover, integrating EM diagnostics with complementary instruments (e.g., electric field antennas, dust impact

sensors, and spectrometers) into a unified payload would enable multiparametric analysis of dust-plasma interactions. Future field deployments in extreme terrestrial analog sites—such as polar deserts or volcanic terrains—could provide further insight into boundary layer electrification under varying geomagnetic and atmospheric conditions. Finally, close collaboration with planetary mission planners could support the incorporation of EM sensors into upcoming missions to Mars, Venus, and the Moon, where real-time monitoring of dust-electrodynamic activity would enhance both scientific return and operational safety.

Список литературы диссертационного исследования кандидат наук Абделаал Мохамад Эссам Сайед, 2025 год

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