Генеалогическая классификация семитских языков в свете лексических изоглосс тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 10.02.20, доктор наук Коган Леонид Ефимович

• Коган Леонид Ефимович
• доктор наук
• 2020

Оглавление диссертации доктор наук Коган Леонид Ефимович

Contents

Generalities

Introduction: genealogical classification of Semitic and the role

of lexical isoglosses

1. Genealogical classification of Semitic: state of the art

2. Lexical isoglosses and genealogical classification of Semitic

3. Lexicostatistics as applied to the Semitic languages

4. Diachronic stratification of the basic vocabulary

5. Previous research on lexical isoglosses in Semitic

Chapter One.

The basic vocabulary of Proto-Semitic: form and meaning

1. Proto-Semitic lexical reconstruction: the Swadesh wordlist

Chapter Two.

Historical unity and internal division of West Semitic

as reflected in the basic vocabulary

1. East Semitic vs. West Semitic:

history of research and some methodological issues

2. The key isogloss

3. More morphological features?

3.1. Features suggested in previous research

3.2. Newly suggested features

4. In search of Proto-West Semitic lexical features

4.1. The Swadesh wordlist

4.2. Other lexical strata

4.3. Lexical evidence for the ES/WS dichotomy: conclusions

5. The internal division of West Semitic

5.1. Morphological isoglosses

5.2. The internal division of West Semitic: lexical isoglosses

5.2.1. The Swadesh wordlist

5.2.2. Other lexical strata

5.2.2.1. CS + EthS

5.2.2.2. EthS + MSA

5.2.2.3. CS + MSA

6. The internal division of WS in light of the lexical evidence:

conclusions

Chapter Three.

Lexical isoglosses and the Central Semitic hypothesis

1. The Central Semitic hypothesis before

2. Huehnergard's Features of Central Semitic

3. More morphological features?

4. Conflicting evidence

5. Central Semitic: the lexical features

5.1. Basic lexicon in the Swadesh wordlist

5.2. Basic lexicon outside the Swadesh wordlist

5.3. PCS lexemes including probable Arabisms in MSA and EthS

6. Conclusions

Chapter Four.

North-West Semitic as a genealogical unity: grammar and lexicon

1. The North-West Semitic hypothesis: a general overview

2. Phonological and morphological features of Proto-NWS

3. The lexical evidence

3.1. The Swadesh wordlist

3.1.1. Trivial retentions from PS, PWS and PCS

3.1.1.1. From PS

3.1.1.2. From PWS

3.1.1.3. From PCS

3.1.2. Other types of isoglosses

3.1.3. Summary of the evidence

3.2. Other lexical fields

4. Conclusions

Chapter Five.

Lexical isoglosses and the genealogical position of Ugaritic

1. Introduction

2. Basic vocabulary of Ugaritic: the Swadesh wordlist

2.1. The Swadesh wordlist: the evidence

2.1.1. Certain

2.1.2. Probable

2.1.3. Not established

2.2. The Swadesh wordlist: analysis

2.3. The Swadesh wordlist: comparison

2.3.1. Ugaritic-Hebrew

2.3.2. Ugaritic-Akkadian

2.3.3. Ugaritic-Syriac

2.4. The Swadesh wordlist: conclusions

3. Basic vocabulary outside the Swadesh list

3.1. Exclusive isoglosses between Ugaritic and Canaanite languages

3.2. Exclusive isoglosses between Ugaritic and other Semitic languages

3.2.1. Ugaritic-Arabic

3.2.1.1. Probable

3.2.1.2. Dubious or unreliable

3.2.2. Ugaritic-Aramaic

3.2.3. Ugaritic-Akkadian

4. Conclusions

4.2. Exclusive lexical isoglosses between Ugaritic and Arabic:

an evaluation

4.3. Ugaritic and Akkadian: shared lexical archaisms or early loanwords?

Chapter Six.

From Old to Modern Aramaic:

the historical unity of Aramaic as reflected in the basic vocabulary

1. Introduction

2. Exclusive pan-Aramaic isoglosses in Old Aramaic inscriptions:

lexical items

3. Exclusive pan-Aramaic isoglosses in Old Aramaic inscriptions: morpholexical features

4. Non-exclusive pan-Aramaic isoglosses in Old Aramaic inscriptions:

lexical items

5. Non-exclusive pan-Aramaic isoglosses in Old Aramaic inscriptions: morpholexical features

6. General evaluation of pan-Aramaic lexical isoglosses

7. Proto-Aramaic lexical isoglosses in individual Old Aramaic inscriptions

8. Proto-Aramaic lexical features in Samalian and Deir "Alla

8.1. Samalian

8.2. Deir "Alla

8.3. Aramaic affiliation of Samalian and Deir "AllJ as reflected in the lexicon

9. Lexical discontinuity between Old Aramaic and later Aramaic dialects

Chapter Seven.

Lexical isoglosses and the historical unity of Ethiopian Semitic

1. Introduction

2. The Swadesh wordlist: the evidence

2.2. Trivial retentions

2.3. Non-trivial retentions

2.4. Semantic innovations

2.5. Proto-Ethiopian terms of uncertain origin

2.6. Certain or likely Cushitisms

3. The Swadesh wordlist: analysis and discussion

4. Evidence from other lexical fields

5. Conclusions

Chapter Eight.

Modern South Arabian as a genealogical subgroup:

the lexical dimension

1. Introduction

2. MSA as a genealogical subgroup: morphological features

3. Lexical evidence for the historical unity of MSA

3.1. The Swadesh wordlist: the evidence

3.1.1. The sources

3.1.1.1. Soqotri

3.1.1.2. Mehri

3.1.1.3. Jibbali

3.1.2. The lexical data

3.1.3. Notes to the table

Excursus

Dialectal variety in the Mehri lexicon as reflected in the Swadesh wordlist

3.2. The Swadesh wordlist: analysis

5

3.2.1. Trivial retentions

Excursus 2. What is lost in the basic vocabulary of Proto-MSA?

3.2.2. Non-trivial retentions

3.2.3. Semantic innovations

3.2.4. Etymologically uncertain terms

3.3. The Swadesh wordlist: conclusions

3.4. Lexical evidence for the historical unity of MSA

outside the Swadesh wordlist

3.4.1. Proto-MSA lexical isoglosses

3.4.2. Proto-MSA morpholexical features

4. Modern South Arabian as a genealogical subgroup:

the evidence of the basic vocabulary

5. Lexical evidence and the internal division of MSA

5.1. The Swadesh wordlist

5.1.1. Mehri—Jibbali

5.1.2. Jibbali—Soqotri

5.1.3. Mehri—Soqotri

5.1.4. The Swadesh wordlist: conclusions

5.2. Other lexical strata

5.2.1. Jibbali—Soqotri

5.2.2. Mehri—Soqotri

5.3. Conclusions

Conclusions

References

Abbreviations of lexicographic and grammatical tools

Abbreviations of language names

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Генеалогическая классификация семитских языков в свете лексических изоглосс»

Generalities

By the second half of the 20th century, most Semitists tended to adhere to a rather sceptical attitude towards genealogical classification: some prominent scholars labeled this procedure not only "useless", but even "harmful" and "dangerous" for historical Semitic linguistics. However, genealogical subgrouping of Semitic is still of interest for many researchers in the field. The present author is among them: in his opinion, working on genealogical classification is among the most important tasks of the diachronic study of Semitic. Research topic

The present study covers various aspects of interaction between lexical and morphological factors relevant for genealogical classification of Semitic. In each of its seven thematic chapters, this problem is considered with regard to one particular Semitic subgroup. Besides, this study discusses some theoretical aspects of the development of the basic vocabulary, as well as linguistic and philological methods which help us to define the functional status of lexemes in modern and ancient Semitic idioms. Last but not least, individual etymological comparisons, many of them newly introduced by the author, are of much importance for the present dissertation.

The relevance of our study is conditioned by the relatively poor state of affairs in the domain of Semitic subgrouping. This dissertation is the first and, so far, only book-size treatment of this question. Particularly relevant is the attempt at systematic comparison of classification models obtained by different means: throughout the dissertation, morphological innovations significant for genealogical division are compared to the results of the diachronic stratification of the basic vocabulary, both within and outside the Swadesh wordlists.

The originality of the research can be described by the following parameters.

• The present study is the first of its kind to provide a systematic correlation between morphological isoglosses relevant for classification and the data of the basic vocabulary.

• The study offers to the reader scores of newly suggested etymological comparisons.

• The Swadesh wordlists used in the book have been compiled with due attention to the most recent philological resources and methods. As a result, many comparisons suggested before have been rejected as unfounded and, conversely, some philologically convincing, but previously unknown exclusive lexical isoglosses have been proposed.

• Much of the Modern South Arabian lexical data have been obtained in the course of the author's fieldwork on the island of Soqotra.

Methodological basis

According to a widespread opinion, genealogical classification of Semitic should be based on shared morphological innovations. This method, known to Semitists mostly from a series of pioneering studies by R. Hetzron, was partly anticipated by O. Rossler. Recently, the most important contributions to its development have been made by J. Huehnergard.

The most evident difficulty which one faces when applying this method to the Semitic data is the relative rarity of clear-cut and, at the same time, sufficiently specific morphological innovations. On the one hand, Semitic languages use a rather restricted set of derivational and inflectional morphemes; on the other hand, the morphology of Semitic is very conservative: preservation of ancient affixes is more widespread than introduction of new ones. Finally, it is not always possible to identify relevant morphological features of ancient Semitic languages due to the consonantal nature of the respective writing systems, let alone the restricted and fragmentary state of many text corpora.

Scholars strictly adhering to the morphological approach to classification often ignore the fact that not every morphological feature that seems to be specific for a certain subgroup of Semitic can be automatically viewed as an innovation. In fact, the contrary is true: the innovative nature of a morpheme should be thoroughly demonstrated in each case. No morphological innovation can appear ex nihilo, it must go back to another morphological feature, formally and/or semantically more archaic. As long as the diachronic development of the respective morpheme is not convincingly demonstrated, one cannot view it as a common innovation, which considerably reduces its value for the elaboration of a classificatory model.

Moreover, morphological innovations potentially relevant for genealogical subgrouping often come into conflict with other other such features pointing to another classificatory scheme. Theoretically, the Rossler-Hetzron method implies some sort of hierarchical arrangement of morphological features: some of them are of more value than others. Unfortunately, such a hierarchical stratification has been very rarely undertaken in Semitic studies.

All in all, the Rossler-Hetzron method cannot be applied without serious restrictions. This by itself favors the use of other instruments potentially efficient for genealogical subgrouping - primarily, an in-depth analysis of the basic vocabulary.

According to the widely accepted consensus, lexical data cannot play any significant role in genealogical classification. Many Semitists take this view for axiomatic and see no need to substantiate it. When particular arguments are nevertheless adduced, three of them appear to be particularly weighty.

• Lexicon is open to borrowing, whereas morphological affixes (especially the inflectional ones) can rarely be borrowed.

• There are considerable difficulties in estimating the value of lexical features for genealogical division.

• The temporal gap between two or several languages under comparison may be so large that potentially relevant lexical data are irrevocably lost.

In our opinion, none of these arguments is weighty enough to reject the use of lexical data for genealogical classification of Semitic.

• The problem of borrowing becomes much less acute if we restrict the research scope to those layers of the basic vocabulary where borrowings are empirically known to be comparatively rare.

• Correct evaluation of the classificatory potential of lexical items is no more difficult than establishing the classificatory value of morphological isoglosses.

• Objections of chronological nature pertain not only to lexical isoglosses, but to genealogical classification in general. Still, many Semitists are inclined to believe that it is precisely the vocabulary that is particularly prone to abrupt and unpredictable changes. However, this concept is scarcely correct: the importance of the basic vocabulary for the communication process is by no means inferior to that of morphological markers, so any dramatic change in the fundamental layers of the vocabulary would inevitably threaten the very existence of a given language as an independent idiom.

Lexicostatistical methods of classification gained no wide popularity in Semitic linguistics in spite of the fact that a few rather convincing classification models, some of which well compatible with classifications based on morphological criteria, have been obtained in the framework of this trend.

General mistrust towards the lexicostatistical method among Semitists has seriously discredited any attempts to use the basic vocabulary as an instrument of genealogical classification. It is, nevertheless, obvious that lexicostatistics is not the only method of evaluating the relevance of the basic vocabulary for dialectal subgrouping.

It is well known that in the framework of the lexicostatistical procedure all lexical coincidences are estimated regardless of their diachronic nature. In the reality, however, any lexical isogloss is either a retention or an innovation. As vocabulary is no different from morphology in this respect, a natural question comes to one's mind: if it is generally accepted that common morphological innovations are highly important for classification, while the value of archaisms ranges from intermediate to zero, why not apply the same principle to the basic vocabulary?

According to this approach, each lexical isogloss shared by languages X and Y belongs to one of the following cathegories:

(1) trivial retentions

(2) non-trivial retentions

(3) formal or semantic innovations

(4) loanwords

(5) words of uncertain origin.

Words that correspond directly to their Proto-Semitic prototypes in both phonological and semantic (functional) aspects are labeled trivial retentions. Preservation of their reflexes with the same meaning in a greater or smaller amount of Semitic languages is quite expected, therefore, trivial retentions are usually not significant for genealogical subgrouping. It is rather their shared loss that may be important in individual cases.

There are numerous basic concepts for which no single Proto-Semitic designation can be reconstructed compellingly enough. For instance, several verbal roots with the approximate meaning 'to come, to reach, to arrive' (*bw!, *!tw, *ml!) may be traced back to Proto-Semitic, but one cannot be sure which of them is the main Proto-Semitic exponent of the basic concept 'to come': in each language one of the possibilities is chosen, and it is practically impossible to establish the Proto-Semitic picture nowadays. The value of such non-trivial retentions for genealogical subgrouping depends on the specifity of a particular lexical feature. It is significant that non-trivial retentions often form greater or smaller clusters, so if a single isogloss

may be considered a coincidence, the same choice in five, seven or ten cases made by the two languages that have no particularly close genealogical relation is rather improbable.

There is hardly any need to comment on formal and semantic innovations: the reflex of a Proto-Semitic term in a certain pair or group of languages undergoes phonological, morphological or, most often, semantic changes. Lexical innovations seem to be highly important for genealogical classification.

Some lexical resemblances between languages may be explained as loanwords. If there are no compelling arguments for assuming that a term was borrowed at an early stage of the existence of a proto-language, such isoglosses are practically useless as far as classification is concerned.

Quite numerous lexical isoglosses characteristic of particular subgroups of Semitic languages have no reliable etymology (in spite of their manifestly "Semitic" shape). The origin of such lexemes is unknown. Terms of this kind make us face, time and again, the well-known glottogonic problem: where do the "new" words appear from? Feasible alternatives are not many: either these lexemes have been inherited from Proto-Semitic by a given Semitic subgroup only, being entirely lost elsewhere; or else some atypical phonological and/or semantic transformations that are difficult to retrieve by the existing tools of etymological analysis have taken place. As a rule, the subgrouping potential of lexical isoglosses of uncertain origin is rather high: most lexemes of this category are either highly specific non-trivial retentions, or innovations whose phonetic or semantic nature we are unable to establish.

Diachronic stratification of the Semitic basic vocabulary as practiced in this dissertation aims to disprove the widespread opinion according to which basic lexicon is a kind of shapeless mass of words. Rather - both synchronically and diachronically -it is a deeply structured system of terms corresponding to a relatively restricted range of fundamental concepts.

Within our methodology, the notion of the main (or basic) exponent of a semantic concept is of crucial significance, both for historically attested idioms and for reconstructed proto-languages. Although a given concept may be expressed by several synonyms, there is usually only one term that is truly neutral. When lexical data are used for genealogical classification, the functional status of each lexeme under examination must, therefore, be our primary concern. To put it differently, the presence of a lexeme n not only in languages Xx and X2, but also in language Y does not by itself mean that Xx and X2 cannot be opposed to Y as a particularly close subgroup - unless it can be shown that n has the same functional load in Y that it has in Xx and X2.

Our methodology owes much to the lexicostatistical method and could have hardly been developed without theoretical and practical acquaintance with its basic principles. However, there are several important aspects by which the two methods differ from each other.

First of all, our method of estimating the classificatory value of lexical isoglosses has no chronological dimension. Thus, if one has to prove, for instance, the common origin of the basic vocabulary of Ethiopian Semitic, there is no need to establish the absolute date when this subgroup separated from the Proto-West Semitic or when

Proto-Ethiopian divided into separate branches and languages. In other words, there is no need to accept the questionable premise that the loss of lexical features occurs at an even pace in each Semitic language (which does not seem to be correct anyway).

The second difference is of no less importance: while the present study is focused on lexical innovations, lexicostatistical calculations do not distinguish between innovations and retentions. That is why it is impossible to detect which trends in the development of the basic vocabulary are conservative and which are innovative. In other words, one cannot say why languages Xx and X2 have this or that amount of lexical coincidences: is it because both of them are lexically conservative idioms which tend to preserve the Proto-Semitic lexical heritage, or rather because they are united by a shared stage of diachronic development not undergone by other Semitic languages.

Last but not least, in the framework of the present methodology there is no need to restrict the scope of lexical isoglosses under scrutiny to a fixed list of concepts. This seems to be an important advantage for limited-corpus ancient Semitic languages, for which a complete Swadesh wordlist is often impossible to compile.

Goals and objectives

While working on genealogical division of Semitic, it is reasonable to distinguish between two main aspects of the classificatory procedure.

On the one hand, it is necessary to posit and justify several major splits, such as East Semitic vs. West Semitic or Central Semitic vs. South Semitic.

On the other hand, one has to justify the reconstruction of the common ancestors of minor Semitic subdivisions, such as Canaanite, Aramaic, Ethiopian Semitic, Modern South Arabian.

Establishing the affiliation of limited-corpus ancient Semitic languages (Ugaritic, Deir iAlla, Samalian) is also worth mentioning. Theses to be defended

• The Proto-Semitic basic vocabulary can be reconstructed with a high degree of semantic exactitude. Furthermore, for many concepts it is possible to postulate a Proto-Semitic lexeme as its only main exponent. The same holds true for the proto-languages of lower taxonomic ranks.

• In spite of the apparent obviousness, there is much difficulty in justifying the East/West Semitic dichotomy with the help of morphological data. Similarly, specifically West Semitic lexical isoglosses are quite numerous (admittedly, mostly outside the Swadesh wordlist), but in most cases it is hard to prove their innovative nature.

• According to the lexical data, Modern South Arabian was the first subgroup to separate from the Proto-West Semitic stock. That means that Central Semitic and Ethiopian Semitic once formed a genealogical unity.

• The evidence of the basic vocabulary (first of all, the Swadesh wordlist) clearly points at a special genealogical proximity between Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic. Thus, they support the Rossler-Hetzron Central Semitic hypothesis and contradict the more traditional idea of the "South Semitic" genealogical unity comprising Arabic.

• The traditionally posited North West Semitic linguistic community that unites Canaanite and Aramaic is scarcely reflected on the lexical level. As morphological innovations pointing at its existence are also not numerous, the existence of this branch is at best questionable.

• The lexical data allow - contra the actual concensus - to attribute Ugaritic to the Canaanite linguistic community, where it sides with Phoenician and is opposed to Hebrew.

• The fundamental commonalities in the basic vocabulary is the crucial factor allowing us to view Aramaic as a homogeneous linguistic group from the most ancient epigraphic monuments to the Neo-Aramaic idioms spoken today.

• While apparently self-evident, the historical unity of Ethiopian Semitic can hardly ever be supported by morphological innovations shared by all major languages of this subgroup. In such a context, numerous commonalities in the basic vocabulary turn out to be the main argument for this thesis. And conversely, the lexical data do not support the idea of "North Ethiopian Semitic" and "South Ethiopian Semitic" originating from two different waves of Semitic colonization of the Ethiopian plateau.

• The extraordinarily high degree of lexical specifity is one of the crucial characteristics of Modern South Arabian. Within this group, lexical data point to a special proximity between Soqotri and Jibbali (as opposed to Mehri), which is also supported by several important morphological isoglosses.

Practical significance of the dissertation is conditioned, inter alia, by the large quantity of carefully elaborated etymological comparisons. In view of the absence of a fully-fledged summary handbook on Semitic etymology, such an extensive work on historical lexicography can serve as a makeshift for the etymological dictionary of Semitic. Of much practical importance is the didactic potential of the book for a wide spectrum of disciplines in the realm of Semitic linguistics and Ancient Near Eastern philology. Finally, due to the large amount of comparative philological observations, the dissertation may serve as a valuable auxiliary tool for reading and analyzing texts written in ancient and modern Semitic languages. Approbation

The main body of the dissertation was published as Genealogical Classification of Semitic: The Lexical Isoglosses by De Gruyter international publishing house1. In the subsequent five years, the book has become an often cited manual not only for the classification problem, but also for many other aspects of the Semitic historical grammar and lexicography, let alone individual etymological comparisons.

Particular issues touched upon in the dissertation have been discussed in detail in numerous articles by the author published in international scientific periodicals, among them 15 studies in journals indexed in WoS and Scopus (Journal of the American Oriental Society, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Journal of Semitic Studies, Brill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie).

1 Some reviews: Aaron Butts (JNES 77:144-149), Na'ama Pat-El (OLZ 112:153-157), Gregorio del Olmo Lete (AuOr 34:359-369).

Some of the theoretical points developed in the dissertation are reflected in other books by the author. The same is true of many specific observations and particular etymological comparisons. Thus, the two volumes of the "Semitic Etymological Dictionary" co-authored with A. Militarev offer detailed reconstructions of many items of the Proto-Semitic basic vocabulary (anatomic terms and animal names). "Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature", published in collaboration with V. Naumkin and M. Bulakh, contains scores of previously unknown Soqotri lexemes, many of which directly relevant for the historical analysis of the MSA lexicon. The annotated publication of the XlVth century "Arabic-Ethiopic Glossary" (co-authored with M. Bulakh) allowed us to detect many pan-Ethiopian lexical isoglosses in the early forms of unwritten Ehiopian Semitic languages previously known from modern publications only. Finally, throughout the first volume of the Etymological Dictionary of Akkadian (co-authored with M. Krebernik) the results of this dissertation are systematically used both theoretically (in what concerns, for instance, the role of the Eblaite lexicon in our understanding of the East/West Semitic dichotomy) and within the analysis of many individual etymogical comparisons.

Many ideas elaborated in the eighth chapter of the dissertation have been tested during numerous field seasons on the island of Soqotra. The significance of the Soqotri grammatical and lexical data, received directly from Soqotri informants, for the correct evaluation of the lexical specifity of MSA is difficult to overestimate.

Many theoretical points elaborated in the dissertation have found their way into language classes and lecture courses taught by the author in HSE and RSUH ("Arabic", "Biblical Hebrew", "Ugaritic language and literature", "Comparative Semitics").

The results achieved in the dissertation have been presented during several international forums on Semitic linguistics and Ancient Near Eastern philology, such as Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, International Congress of Ethiopian Studies, the Annual Meeting of the European Association of Biblical Studies, the Biennial Meeting of the International Association for Comparative Semitics.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Сравнительно-историческое, типологическое и сопоставительное языкознание», Коган Леонид Ефимович

Conclusions

The chart below summarizes our views on the key issues of the Semitic classification debate. This pictorial presentation can be supplemented by the following nine theses dwelling on the most crucial and problematic nodes of our genealogical tree.

1. The historical unity of West Semitic hardly ever finds unambiguous support in the morphological domain, and can only rarely be supported by lexical evidence. Within the Swadesh wordlist, nearly all features opposing Akkadian to the bulk of WS can safely be considered Akkadian innovations, saying nothing of the hypothetical genealogical proximity of the remaining languages. Elsewhere in the basic vocabulary, clear-cut lexical oppositions between Akkadian and West Semitic are not rare, but the diachronic status of the respective WS lexemes — shared innovations of Proto-WS or independently preserved PS archaisms — is usually hard to establish. The ES/WS dichotomy, tentatively preserved in our chart, is difficult to maintain on strictly linguistic grounds.

2. There is little morphological evidence for any of the four possible patterns of the internal division of West Semitic (MSA + EthS; MSA + CS; CS + EthS; three equidistant independent branches). At the same time, lexical evidence from the Swadesh wordlist strongly speaks in favor of Central Semitic having a closer proximity to Ethiopian Semitic as opposed to Modern South Arabian. Other strata of the basic vocabulary broadly confirm this hypothesis. There is virtually no lexical (or, for that matter, morphological) evidence uniting Ethiopian Semitic with Modern South Arabian (as against the modified South Semitic theory of O. Rossler and R. Hetzron).

3. Remarkable lexical proximity is a key argument in favor of the Central S e m i t i c hypothesis, advocating a special genealogical link between Arabic, Epigraphic South Arabian, Aramaic and Canaanite. A few important exclusive isoglosses in the Swadesh wordlist are supplemented by numerous commonalities in other domains of the basic vocabulary. The traditional South Semitic theory, uniting Arabic and ESA with Ethiopian Semitic and Modern South Arabian, cannot be reconciled with the bulk of the lexical evidence and ought to be abandoned. A few morphological features contradicting the Central Semitic affiliation of Arabic and ESA (first and foremost, the broken plural patterns) are to be evaluated as areal phenomena having South Arabia as their original focus of irradiation. The same can be said about a few remarkable (even if not very numerous) lexical isoglosses uniting Arabic with Ethiopian Semitic and, much more rarely, Modern South Arabian. The orbit encompassing the languages affected by these areal "South Semitic" trends is represented by a dashed line oval in our chart.

4. The internal division of Central Semitic remains a poorly understood issue which could not be clarified by either grammatical or lexical arguments. The traditional North West Semitic subdivision, comprising Canaanite and Aramaic and tentatively indicated by another dashed line oval in the chart, is particularly hard to maintain.

5. There is strong lexical evidence in favor of the Canaanite affiliation of Ugaritic. Somewhat ambiguous in the Swadesh wordlist, this conclusion becomes compelling as soon as other segments of the basic vocabulary are taken into consideration. A further, very important, refinement of this thesis is a neat genealogical link between Ugaritic and Phoenician, opposing both to Hebrew. Whether or not there are grammatical arguments decisively contradicting any of these two assertions is in need of further study.

6. A deeply structured net of shared lexical peculiarities is a highly important element of the historical profile of A r a m a i c. This is particularly true of Old and Modern Aramaic, where many of the classical Aramaic features of phonological and morphological order are missing or cannot surface. There is, furthermore, enough lexical evidence in favor of some sort of special genealogical proximity between A r a m a i c proper, S a m a l i a n and the language of the D e i r A l l a inscription, although especially in the latter case a few markedly non-Aramaic lexical elements are also in evidence. A tentative solution offered in our chart is a consecutive separation of Deir Alla, Samalian and Aramaic in the strict sense from a common "A r a m o i d" stem.

7. The nature of the extant text corpora written in Epigraphic South Arabian does not allow us to meaningfully use the lexical evidence in the hot debate on the eventual diachronic unity of the languages traditionally ascribed to this subgroup. Central Semitic lexical features, relatively well attested in Sabaic, are less common (even if not totally lacking) in the non-Sabaic languages, but this restriction may well be due to a much more fragmentary documentation.

8. The historical unity of Ethiopian Semitic, traditionally based on just a few rather shaky morphological arguments, finds reliable support in the lexical domain both within and outside the Swadesh wordlist. The fascinating problem of the internal division of Ethiopian Semitic is not covered by our monograph, but is scheduled for further research. Our chart provisionally reflects two prominent trends, viz. the profound specificity of T i g r e with respect to all the remaining languages of the group, and the well established unity of the S o u t h e r n languages (which, in any case, does not imply that the remaining tongues must be similarly unified). Much further elaboration on these and other related issues is still necessary.

9. The extraordinary degree of specificity in the M o d e r n S o u t h A r a b i a n branch is richly documented in all segments of the basic vocabulary, which provide a welcome addition to several remarkable morphological peculiarities. As far as the i n t e r n a l d i v i s i o n o f M S A is concerned, a special lexical proximity between Soqotri and Jibbali is beyond doubt, although its nature (archaic or innovative) is practically impossible to detect. Separation of these two languages into a

special sub-branch in our chart is, therefore, rather conventional.

* * *

None of our conclusions is particularly innovative or revolutionary. In most cases we have built on comparatively solid foundations laid down by our predecessors.

It is our conviction that lexical evidence, playing the key role in our argument but unjustly neglected in the majority of earlier studies on this topic, has proven to be an effective means to refine (and at times perhaps to rectify) these earlier conclusions. If, after the appearance of this book, skeptical minds become less radical in their rejection of the usefulness of the lexical isoglosses in the Semitic genealogical classification, our main goal may be considered abundantly achieved.

Our own vision of the subgrouping potential of the Semitic basic vocabulary is, nevertheless, quite sober and far from over-optimistic. Lexical isoglosses are not to be regarded as a kind of panacea which will at once solve each and every problem in this exceedingly complex debate. Not unlike the more traditional method of morphological innovations, a systematic diachronic analysis of the basic vocabulary has its merits and drawbacks, and the most acute difficulty is typically the same for both methods, namely, our inability to distinguish shared innovations from common retentions. That the two methods can fruitfully be combined is, in our view, not in doubt, and the paramount importance of such an integral approach to this question is even more obvious in view of the deep crisis in which today's study of the Semitic genealogical classification finds itself. Whether or not such a combined treatment will finally yield an acceptable consensus on this fascinating issue is, of course, very difficult to predict.

Список литературы диссертационного исследования доктор наук Коган Леонид Ефимович, 2020 год

References

Aartun 1968 - K. Aartun. Beiträge zum ugaritischen Lexikon. WdO 4:278-299.

Abraham-Sokoloff 2011 - K. Abraham, M. Sokoloff. Aramaic Loanwords in Akkadian — A Reassessment of the Proposals. AfO 52:22-76.

Aistleitner 1963 - J. Aistleitner. Wörterbuch der ugaritischen Sprache. Berlin.

Albright 1954 - W. F. Albright. Northwest-Semitic Names in a List of Egyptian Slaves from the Eighteenth Century B.C. JAOS 74:222-233.

Albright 1958 - W. F. Albright. Specimens of Late Ugaritic Prose. BASOR 150:36-38.

al-Selwi 1987 - I. al-Selwi. Jemenitische Wörter in den Werken von al-Hamdam und Naswan und ihre Parallelen in den semitischen Sprachen. Berlin.

Appleyard 1977 - D. Appleyard. A Comparative Approach to the Amharic Lexicon. Afroasiatic Linguistics 5:1-67.

Appleyard 1996 - D. Appleyard. Ethiopian Semitic and South Arabian. Towards a Re-examination of a Relationship. IOS 16:203-228.

Appleyard 2002 - D. Appleyard. New Finds in the 20th Century: the South Semitic Languages. IOS 20:401-430.

Appleyard 2006 - D. Appleyard. A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages.

Köln.

Arbeitman 1991 - Y. Arbeitman. Ugaritic Pronominals in the Light of Morphophonemic Economy. Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau on the Occasion of His Eighty-fifth Birthday. Wiesbaden. Pp. 82-106.

Arcari 1984 - E. Arcari. Il bilinguismo nei testi amministrativi di Ebla. Il bilinguismo a Ebla. Napoli. Pp. 319-327.

Archi 2002 - A. Archi. Prepositions at Ebla. Eblaitica 4:1-21.

Arkhipov 2012 - I. Arkhipov. Le vocabulaire de la métallurgie et la nomenclature des objets en métal dans les textes de Mari. Leuven.

Artzi 1969 - P. Artzi. On the Cuneiform Background of the Northwest-Semitic Form of the Word brdl, b(a)rz(e)l 'Iron.' JNES 28:268-270.

Avanzini 2004 - A. Avanzini. Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions. I-III. Qatabanic, Marginal Qatabanic, Awsanite Inscriptions. Pisa.

Avanzini 2009 - A. Avanzini. Origin and Classification of the Ancient South Arabian Languages. JSS 65:205-220.

Bar-Asher 2008 - E. A. Bar-Asher. The Imperative Forms of Proto-Semitic and a New Perspective on Barth's Law. JAOS 128:1-23.

Barr 1973 - J. Barr. Ugaritic and Hebrew "SBM"? JSS 18:17-39.

Barth 1894a - J. Barth. Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen. Leipzig.

Barth 1894b - J. Barth. Zur vergleichenden semitischen Grammatik. ZDMG 48:1-21.

Barth 1913 - J. Barth. Die Pronominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen. Leipzig.

Bauer 1914 - H. Bauer. Die Etymologie von Adam und Verwandtes. ZA 28:310-311.

Bauer-Leander 1922 - H. Bauer, P. Leander. Historische Grammatik der hebräischen Sprache. Halle.

Bauer-Leander 1927 - H. Bauer, P. Leander. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen.

Halle.

Beeston 1962 - A. Beeston. A Descriptive Grammar of Epigraphic South Arabian. London.

Beeston 1979 - A. Beeston. Studies in Sabaic Lexicography. I. RaydJn 1:89-100. Beeston 1984 - A. Beeston. Sabaic Grammar. Manchester.

Bender 1966 - L. Bender. Notes on Lexical Correlations in Some Ethiopian Languages. JES 4:5-16.

Bender 1968 - L. Bender. Remarks on Glottochronology of Northern Ethiopian Semitic Languages. JES 6:1-11.

Bender 1971 - L. Bender. The Languages of Ethiopia: A New Lexicostatistic Classification and Some Problems of Diffusion. Anthropological Linguistics 13:165-288.

Bender 1986 - L. Bender. Lexical Retention in Ethio-Semitic: Checking up on a Myth. The Fergusonian Impact. In Honor of Charles A. Ferguson. Vol. 1. From Phonology to Society. Berlin-New York-Amsterdam. Pp. 290-299.

Ben-Nayyim 2000 - Z. Ben-Nayyim. A Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew. Winona

Lake.

Bennet 1998 - P. Bennet. Comparative Semitic Linguistics. A Manual. Winona

Lake.

Bergsträsser 1921 - G. Bergsträsser. Glossar des neuaramäisches Dialekts von MalNla. Leipzig.

Beyer 1984 - K. Beyer. Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer. Göttingen. Beyer 1994 - K. Beyer. Die aramäische Texte vom Toten Meer. Ergänzungsband. Göttingen.

Birot 1993 - M. Birot. Correspondance des gouverneurs de Qallunän (ARM 27).

Paris.

Bittner 1908 - M. Bittner. Review of Brockelmann 1908. WZKM 22:422-430. Bittner 1909 - M. Bittner. Studien zur Laut- und Formenlehre der Mehri-Sprache in Südarabien. I. Wien.

Bittner 1911 - M. Bittner. Studien zur Laut- und Formenlehre der Mehri-Sprache in Südarabien. II. Wien.

Bittner 1913a - M. Bittner. Studien zur Laut- und Formenlehre der Mehri-Sprache in Südarabien. III. Wien.

Bittner 1913b - M. Bittner. Zu äth. gabgab 'atrium, vestibulum tentorii.' WZKM 27:129.

Bittner 1913c - M. Bittner. Zu Mehri rapmet 'Regen.' WZKM 27:129-130. Bittner 1913d - M. Bittner. Vorstudien zur Grammatik und zum Wörterbuche der Soqori-Sprache. I. Wien.

Bittner 1914 - M. Bittner. Studien zur Laut- und Formenlehre der Mehri-Sprache in Südarabien. IV. Wien.

Bittner 1915a - M. Bittner. Studien zur Laut- und Formenlehre der Mehri-Sprache in Südarabien. V. Wien.

Bittner 1915b - M. Bittner. Studien zur S\auri-Sprache. I. Wien. Bittner 1916 - M. Bittner. Studien zur S\auri-Sprache. II. Wien.

Bittner 1917 - M. Bittner. Studien zur S\auri-Sprache. III. Wien.

Bittner 1918a - M. Bittner. Vorstudien zur Grammatik und Wörterbuche der Soqotri-Sprache. II. Wien.

Bittner 1918b - M. Bittner. Vorstudien zur Grammatik und Wörterbuche der Soqotri-Sprache. III. Wien.

Blau 1956 - J. Blau. Über homonyme und angeblich homonyme Wurzeln. I. VT 6:242-248.

Blau 1957 - J. Blau. Über homonyme und angeblich homonyme Wurzeln. II. VT 7:98-102.

Blau 1971a - J. Blau. Studies in Hebrew Verb Formation. HUCA 42:133-158.

Blau 1971b - J. Blau. Marginalia Semitica I. IOS 1:1-35.

Blau 1977a - J. Blau. 'Weak' Phonetic Change and the Hebrew sîn. HAR 1:67119.

Blau 1977b - J. Blau. Marginalia Semitica. III. IOS 7:14-32.

Blau 1978 - J. Blau. Hebrew and North West Semitic: Reflections on the Classification of Semitic Languages. HAR 2:21-44.

Blazek 2007 - V. Blazek. Semitic Prepositions and their Afroasiatic Cognates. "From Beyond the Mediterranean." Akten des 7. internationalen Semitohamitistenkongresses, Berlin 13. bis 15. September 2004. Aachen. Pp. 23-42.

Blenkinsopp 2000 - J. Blenkinsopp. Isaiah 1-39. New York.

Bloch 1967 - A. Bloch. The Vowels of the Imperfect Preformatives in the Old Dialects of Arabic. ZDMG 117:22-29.

Bonechi 1997 - M. Bonechi. Lexique et idéologie royale à l'époque protosyrienne. MARI 8:477-535.

Bonechi-Conti 1992 - M. Bonechi, G. Conti. tlsJnum éblaite = akkadien de Mari tlsJnum. NABU 1992/11.

Bordreuil 1991 - P. Bordreuil. La mention du mois d'adaru dans une lettre du roi de Tyr au roi d'Ougarit (RS 18.59 1.14). Semitica 40:28-30.

Bordreuil-Pardee 1991 - P. Bordreuil, D. Pardee. Les textes en cunéiformes alphabétiques. Une bibliothèque au sud de la ville (RSOu 7). Paris. Pp. 139-174.

Bordreuil-Pardee 2001 - P. Bordreuil, D. Pardee. Textes alphabétiques en ougaritique. Études ougaritiques. I. Travaux 1985-1995 (RSOu 14). Paris. Pp. 341-392, 411-414.

Bordreuil-Pardee 2004 - P. Bordreuil, D. Pardee. Manuel d'ougaritique. II. Choix des textes. Glossaire. Paris.

Brockelmann 1908 - C. Brockelmann. Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen. Berlin.

Brockelmann 1927 - C. Brockelmann. Semitische Reimwortbildungen. ZS 5:638.

Brockelmann 1932 - C. Brockelmann. Ägyptisch-semitische Etymologien. ZS 8:97-117.

Brockelmann 1950 - C. Brockelmann. Abessinische Studien. Berlin.

Bron 1998 - F. Bron. Ma"in. Inventaire des inscriptions sudarabiques. T. 3 (A-B). Paris-Rome.

Buccellati 1996 - G. Buccellati. A Structural Grammar of Babylonian. Wiesbaden.

519

Buck 1949 - C. Buck. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. Chicago-London.

Bulakh 2003 - M. Bulakh. Etymological Notes on the Akkadian Colour Terms. Studia Semitica (FS A. Militarev). Moscow. Pp. 3-17.

Bulakh 2004 - M. Bulakh. Color Terms of Modern South Arabian Languages: a Diachronic Approach. BuB 1:270-282.

Bulakh 2005a - M. Bulakh. Цветообозначение семитских языков в этимологическом аспекте. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow.

Bulakh 2005b - M. Bulakh. On Etymology and Usage of Terms of Smell in Geez (Old Ethiopic). BuB 2:409-428.

Bulakh 2005c - M. Bulakh. Semantic Shifts in the Lexical Field of Taste in Geez. Varia Aethiopica. In Memory of Sevir B. Chernetsov. St. Petersburg. Pp. 325-353.

Bulakh 2006a - M. Bulakh. Basic Color Terms of Biblical Hebrew in Diachronic Aspect. BuB 3:182-216.

Bulakh 2006b - M. Bulakh. Basic Colour Terms in G3"3z: Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects. Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg July 20-25, 2003. Wiesbaden. Pp. 737-745.

Bulakh 2012 - M. Bulakh. Negative Markers *!ay, *!i and *!al in Ethio-Semitic. BuB 6:385-420.

Bulakh 2013a - M. Bulakh. Язык тигре. Языки мира. Семитские языки. II. Эфиосемитские языки. Moscow. Pp. 216-259.

Bulakh 2013b - M. Bulakh. The Diachronic Background of the Verbs wLda and \eröb 'to know' in Mehri. Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages. Córdoba. Pp. 1-32.

Bulakh-Kogan 2010 - M. Bulakh, L. Kogan. The Genealogical Position of Tigre and the Problem of North Ethio-Semitic Unity. ZDMG 160:273-302.

Bulakh-Kogan 2011 - M. Bulakh, L. Kogan. Arabic Influences on Tigre: a Preliminary Evaluation. BSOAS 74:1-39.

Bulakh-Kogan 2013 - M. Bulakh, L. Kogan. "To know" in Mehri. BuB 7:389443.

Cantineau 1932 - J. Cantineau. Accadien et sudarabique. BSL 33:175-204.

Cantineau 1935 - J. Cantineau. Grammaire du palmyrénien épigraphique. Le Caire.

Cantineau 1939 - J. Cantineau. Review of LS. Revue africaine 83:140-144.

Carter 1847 - Notes on the Mahrah Tribe of Southern Arabia, with a Vocabulary of their Language. Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 2:337-370.

Castellino 1962 - G. Castellino. The Akkadian Personal Pronouns in the Light of Semitic and Hamitic. Leiden.

Catagnoti 2010 - A. Catagnoti. Il lessico dei vegetali ad Ebla. 3. Piante aromatiche (I): cumino e timo. Quaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica 20:143-149.

Cazelles 1969 - H. Cazelles. myn = espèce, race ou ressemblance? École des langues orientales anciennes de Г Institut catholique de Paris: Mémorial du cinquantenaire, 1914-1964. Paris. Pp. 105-108.

Cerulli 1936 - E. Cerulli. Studi etiopici. I. La lingua e la storia di Harar. Roma.

Charpin 1991 - D. Charpin. rebîtum «centre». NABU 1991/112.

Charpin 1997 - D. Charpin. La version mariote de l'"Insurrection générale contre Narâm-Sîn." Recueil d'études à la mémoire de Marie-Thérèse Barrelet (FM 3). Paris. Pp. 9-17.

Charpin 2005-2006 - D. Charpin. Review of Streck 2000. AfO 51:282-292.

Christian 1919-1920 - V. Christian. Akkader und Südaraber als ältere Semitenschichte. Anthropos 14-15:729-739.

Christian 1924 - V. Christian. Die deiktischen Elemente in den semitischen Sprachen nach Herkunft, Anwendung und Verwandtschaft untersucht. WZKM 31:137-192.

Christian 1944 - V. Christian. Die Stellung des Mehri innerhalb der semitischen Sprachen. Wien.

Ciancaglini 2008 - C. Ciancaglini. Iranian Loanwords in Syriac. Wiesbaden.

Civil 1984 - M. Civil. Bilingualism in Logographically Written Languages: Sumerian in Ebla. Il bilinguismo a Ebla. Napoli. Pp. 75-97.

Civil 1990 - M. Civil. Ninmesarra 90 and qinû "jealousy, anger." NABU 1990/59.

Civil 2007 - M. Civil. Early Semitic Loanwords in Sumerian. Studies Presented to Robert D. Biggs. Chicago. Pp. 11-33.

Clines 2006 - D. Clines. Job 21-37 (World Biblical Commentary). Nashville.

Cohen 1970 - D. Cohen. Le vocabulaire de base sémitique et le classement des dialectes du sud. Études de linguistique sémitique et arabe. La Haye-Paris. Pp. 7-30.

Cohen 1974 - D. Cohen. La forme verbale à marques personnelles préfixées en sudarabique moderne. IV Congresso internazionale di studi etiopici. Vol. 2. Roma. Pp. 6370.

Cohen 2003 - D. Cohen. La phrase nominale et l'évolution du système verbal en sémitique. Leuven-Paris.

Cohen-Sivan 1983 - C. Cohen, D. Sivan. The Ugaritic Hippiatric Texts. New Haven.

Conti 1980 - G. Conti. Studi sul bilitterismo in semitico e in egiziano. Firenze.

Conti 1990 - G. Conti. Il sillabario della quarta fonte della lista lessicale bilingue eblaita. Firenze.

Cooke 1936 - G. Cooke. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel. Edinburgh.

Correll 1994 - Ch. Correll. Ein neuer Anlauf zur Erklärung der Herkunft der 'Notae accusativi' in den klassischen semitischen Sprachen. Festscfhrift Ewald Wagner zum 65. Geburtstag. Bd. I. Semitische Studien unter besonderer Berücksichtung der Südsemitistik. Beirut. Pp. 21-43.

Corriente 1971 - F. Corriente. Problemática de la pluralidad en semítico. El plural fracto. Madrid.

Corriente 2003 - F. Corriente. On the Degree of Kinship Between Arabic and Northwest Semitic. Proceedings of the 5th conference of AIDA (Association Internationale de Dialectologie Arabe). Cádiz. Pp. 187-194.

Corriente 2006 - F. Corriente. Lexicostatistics and the Central Semitic Theory. Sapal tibnim mû illakü. Studies Presented to Joaquín Sanmartín on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Sabadell. Pp. 139-144.

Dahood 1963 - M. Dahood. Ugaritic-Hebrew Lexicography. I. Biblica 44:289303.

Degen 1969 - R. Degen. Altaramäische Grammatik der Inschriften des 10.-8. HL. v. Chr. Wiesbaden.

del Olmo Lete 1981 - G. del Olmo Lete. Mitos y leyendas de Canaán según la tradición de Ugarit. Madrid-Valencia.

del Olmo Lete 1986 - G. del Olmo Lete. Fenicio y ugarítico: correlación lingüística. AuOr 4:31-49.

del Olmo Lete 2001 - G. del Olmo Lete. Origen y decadenica de Dagán. ...Ir a buscar leña. Estudios dedicados al prof. Jesús López. Barcelona. Pp. 85-90.

del Olmo Lete 2004 - G. del Olmo Lete. Canaanite Religion according to the Liturgical Texts of Ugarit. Winona Lake.

Deller 1991 - K. Deller. Neuassyrisch qanû, qinLtu und tidintu. Marchands, diplomates et empereurs. Études sur la civilisation mésopotamienne offertes à Paul Garelli. Paris. Pp. 345-355.

de Moor 1971 - J. de Moor. The Seasonal Pattern in the Ugaritic Myth of Ba'lu. Neukirchen-Vluyn.

de Moor 1980 - J. de Moor. The Anatomy of the Back. UF 12:425-426.

Diakonoff 1965 - I. Diakonoff. Semito-Hamitic Languges. Moscow.

Diakonoff 1988 - I. Diakonoff. Afrasian Languages. Moscow.

Diakonoff 1990 - I. Diakonoff. The Importance of Ebla for History and Linguistics. Eblaitica 2:3-29.

Diakonoff-Kogan 2001 - I. Diakonoff, L. Kogan. Semitic Terms of Kinship and Social Sphere. Von Ägypten zum Tschadsee - eine linguistische Reise durch Afrika: Festschrift für Herrmann Jungraithmayr zum 65. Geburtstag. Würzburg. Pp. 147-158.

Diem 1974 - W. Diem. Das Problem von & im Althebräischen und die kanaanäische Lautverschiebung. ZDMG 124:221-252.

Diem 1979 - W. Diem. Studien zur Frage des Substrats im Arabischen. Der Islam 56:12-80.

Diem 1980a - W. Diem. Die genealogische Stellung des Arabischen in den semitischen Sprachen. Ein ungelöstes Problem der Semitistik. Studien aus Arabistik und Semitistik, A. Spitaler zum 70. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden. Pp. 65-85.

Diem 1980b - W. Diem. Untersuchungen zur frühen Geschichte der arabischen Orthographie. II. Dei Schreibung der Konsonanten. Or 49:67-106.

Dietrich-Loretz 1967-1968 - M. Dietrich, O. Loretz. Untersuchungen zur Schrift- und Lautlehre des Ugaritischen (I). Der ugaritische Konsonant \. WdO 4:300315.

Dietrich-Loretz 1978 - M. Dietrich, O. Loretz. Ug. tmn 'Gestalt.' UF 10:432-433.

Dijkstra 1975 - M. Dijkstra. Does Occur the Verb hbí in CTA 4:III.21? UF 7:563-565.

Dillmann 1907 - A. Dillmann. Ethiopic Grammar. London.

Dion 1974 - P.-E. Dion. La langue de Ya!udi. Waterloo.

Dolgopolsky 1973 - A. Dolgopolsky. Сравнительно-историческая фонетика кушитских языков. Moscow.

Dolgopolsky 1978 - A. Dolgopolsky. On Phonemic Stress in Proto-Semitic. IOS

8:1-12.

Dolgopolsky 1991 - A. Dolgopolsky. Two Problems of Semitic Historical Linguistics. Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau on the Occasion of His Eighty-fifth Birthday. Wiesbaden. Pp. 328-339.

Dolgopolsky 1994 - A. Dolgopolsky. The Aramaic Reflexes of the Semitic Glottalized Lateral Consonant. Rocznik Orientalistyczny 49:5-14.

Dolgopolsky 1999 - A. Dolgopolsky. From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew. Phonology.

Milan.

Driver 1953 - G. R. Driver. Hebrew Poetic Diction. VTS 1:26-39. Durand 1983 - J.-M. Durand. A propos des noms de parenté à Mari. MARI 2:215-217.

Durand 1984 - J.-M. Durand. A propos du nom de nombre 10 000 à Mari. MARI 3:278-279.

Durand 1991 - J.-M. Durand. Agade rebîtum. NABU 1991/31.

Durand 1997 - J.-M. Durand. Les documents épistolaires du palais de Mari. T. I.

Paris.

Durand 1998 - J.-M. Durand. Les documents épistolaires du palais de Mari. T. II.

Paris.

Durand 1999-2000 - J.-M. Durand. Apologie sur des mauvaises herbes et un

coquin. Arbor Scientiae. Estudios del Próximo Oriente Antiguo dedicados a Gregorio del Olmo Lete. Barcelona. Pp. 191-196.

Durand 2000 - J.-M. Durand. Les documents épistolaires du palais de Mari. T. III.

Paris.

Durand 2002 - J.-M. Durand. Le culte d'Addu d'Alep et l'affaire d'Alahtum. Paris. Durand 2009 - J.-M. Durand. La nomenclature des habits et des textiles dans les textes de Mari. Paris.

Edzard 1964 - D. O. Edzard. Mari und Aramäer? ZA 56:142-149. Edzard 1981 - D. O. Edzard. Review of CAD N. ZA 71:280-288. Edzard 1994 - D. O. Edzard. namir 'er ist glänzend.' ASJ 16:1-14. Edzard 2003 - D. O. Edzard. Sumerian Grammar. Leiden-Boston. Ehret 1988 - C. Ehret. Social Transformation in the Early History of the Horn of Africa: Linguistic Clues to Developments of the Period 500 B.C. to A.D. 500. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Addis Ababa. Pp. 639-651.

Eilers 1973 - W. Eilers. Die vergleichend-semasiologische Methode in der Orientalistik. Wiesbaden.

Eilers 1986 - W. Eilers. Einige Akkadische Etymologien. Im Bannkreis des Alten Orients. Festschrift K. Oberhuber. Innsbruk. Pp. 31-44.

Emerton 1977 - J. Emerton. The Etymology of histapawäh. OTS 20:41-55. Ewald 1846 - G. Ewald. Über die Himjarische Sprache. Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft der Sprache 1:295-315.

Faber 1980 - A. Faber. Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages. Unpublished doctoral thesis, the University of Texas at Austin.

Faber 1984 - A. Faber. Semitic Sibilants in an Afro-Asiatic Context. JSS 29:189224.

Faber 1986 - A. Faber. On the Actuation of Sound Change. A Semitic Case Study. Diachronica 3:163-84.

Faber 1991 - A. Faber. The Diachronic Relationship between Negative and Interrogative Markers in Semitic. Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau on the Occasion of His Eighty-fifth Birthday. Wiesbaden. Pp. 411-429.

Faber 1997 - A. Faber. Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages. The Semitic Languages. London. Pp. 3-15.

Fabry 1997 - H.-J. Fabry. mîn. TDOT 7:288-291.

Fabry 2003 - H.-J. Fabry. ûr. TDOT 12:311-321.

Farber 1985 - W. Farber. Akkadisch 'Blind.' ZA 75:210-233.

Farber 1989 - W. Farber. Schlaf, Kindchen, Schlaf. Mesopotamische BabyBeschwörungen und -Rituale. Winona Lake.

Farber 1991 - W. Farber. Altassyrisch adda\sN und ^azuannN, oder von Safran, Fenchel, Zwiebeln und Salat. ZA 81:234-242.

Fassberg 1994 - S. Fassberg. Studies in Biblical Syntax. Jerusalem.

Fassberg 1999 - S. Fassberg. The Lengthened Imperative ri^pi? in Biblical Hebrew. Hebrew Studies 40:7-13.

Fassberg 2008 - S. Fassberg. The Forms of 'Son' and 'Daughter' in Aramaic. Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden. Pp. 41-53.

Fick 1909 - A. Fick. Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. III. Wortschatz der germanischen Spracheinheit. Göttingen.

Fischer 1908-1934 - A. Fischer. Kähm. EI1 2:669-671.

Fischer 1993 - W. Fischer. Die Entstehung reduplizierter Wurzelmorpheme im Semitischen. Sertaphilologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata. Torino. Pp. 39-61.

Fischer 2002 - W. Fischer. A Grammar of Classical Arabic. New Haven-London.

Fitzmyer 1995 - J. Fitzmyer. The Aramaic Inscriptions of Sefire. Roma.

Fleisch 1944 - H. Fleisch. Les verbes à allongement vocalique interne en sémitique.

Paris.

Fleisch 1968 - H. Fleisch. yaqtula cananéen et subjonctif arabe. WZUH 17:65-76.

Fleming 1968 - H. Fleming. Ethiopic Linguistic History. Ethnohistory 15:353388.

Folmer 1995 - M. L. Folmer. The Aramaic Language in the Achaemenid Period. A Study in Linguistic Variation. Leuven.

Ford 2001 - J. Ford. The Verb tqnn in RS 1992.2014. UF 33:201-212.

Ford 2002a - J. Ford. The New Ugaritic Incantation against Sorcery RS 1992.2014. UF 34:119-152.

Ford 2002b - J. Ford. The Ugaritic Incantation against Sorcery RIH 78/20 (KTU2 1.169). UF 34:153-211.

Fox 1997 - S. E. Fox. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu. Wiesbaden.

Fox 2003 - J. Fox. Semitic Noun Patterns. Winona Lake.

Fraenkel 1886 - S. Fraenkel. Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen. Leiden.

Frahm 2009 - E. Frahm. Warum die Brüder Böses planten. Überlegungen zu einer alten Crux in Asarhaddons 'Ninive A'-Inschrift. Philologisches und Historisches zwischen Anatolien und Sokotra. Analecta Semitica In Memoriam Alexander Sima. Wiesbaden. Pp. 27-49.

Frayne 1992 - D. Frayne. The Old Akkadian Royal Inscriptions: Notes on a New Edition. JAOS 112:619-638.

Friedrich-Rölig 1999 - J. Friedrich, W. Röllig. Phönizisch-Punische Grammatik.

Roma.

Frolova 2005 - T. Frolova. Glottalized Sibilant I in Modern South Arabian Languages and Its Etymological Perspective. BuB 2:429-455.

Fronzaroli 1964 - P. Fronzaroli. Studi sul lessico comune semitico. I-II. ANLR VIII/XIX/5-6:1-55.

Fronzaroli 1965a - P. Fronzaroli. Studi sul lessico comune semitico. III. ANLR VIII/XX/3-4:135-150.

Fronzaroli 1965b - P. Fronzaroli. Studi sul lessico comune semitico. IV. ANLR VIII/XX/5-6:246-269.

Fronzaroli 1966-1967 - P. Fronzaroli. Il mare e i corsi d'acqua nel lessico comune semitico. Bollettino dell'Atlante linguistico mediterraneo 8-9:205-213.

Fronzaroli 1968 - P. Fronzaroli. Studi sul lessico comune semitico. V. ANLR VIII/XXIII/7-12:267-303.

Fronzaroli 1969 - P. Fronzaroli. Studi sul lessico comune semitico. VI. ANLR VIII/XXIV/7-12:1-36.

Fronzaroli 1972 - P. Fronzaroli. Studi sul lessico comune semitico. VII. ANLR VIII/XXVI/7-12:603-643.

Fronzaroli 1984 - P. Fronzaroli. Materiali per il lessico eblaita. 1. StEb. 7:145190.

Fronzaroli 1998 - P. Fronzaroli. Ebl. wammum 'watercourse, stream.' NABU 1998/89.

Fronzaroli 2005 - P. Fronzaroli. Structures linguistiques et histoire des langues au IIIe millénaire av. J.-C. Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of Hamito-Semitic (Afroasiatic) Linguistics. Firenze. Pp. 155-167.

Gamkrelidze-Ivanov 1984 - Т. В. Гамкрелидзе, Вяч. Вс. Иванов. Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы. Тбилиси.

Garbini 1978 - G. Garbini. *parzön 'Iron' in the Song of Deborah? JSS 23:23-24. Garbini 1984 - G. Garbini. Le lingue semitiche. Napoli.

Garr 1985 - W. R. Garr. Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000-586 B.C.E. Philadelphia.

Gelb 1935 - I. J. Gelb. Inscriptions from Alishar and Vicinity. Chicago. Gelb 1955 - I. J. Gelb. Old Akkadian Inscriptions in Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

Gelb 1957 - I. J. Gelb. Glossary of Old Akkadian. Chicago. Gelb 1961 - I. J. Gelb. Old Akkadian Writing and Grammar. Chicago. Gelb 1965 - I. J. Gelb. The Origin of the West Semitic QATALA Morpheme. Symbolae linguisticae in honorem Georgii Kurytowicz. Krakow. Pp. 72-80.

Gelb 1967 - I. J. Gelb. On the Morpheme Jn in the Amorite Language. Studies Presented to George V. Bobrinskoy. Chicago. Pp. 317-321.

Gelb 1969 - I. J. Gelb. Sequential Reconstruction of Proto-Akkadian. Chicago. Gensler 1997 - O. Gensler. Reconstructing Quadriliteral Verb Inflection: Ethiopic, Akkadian, Proto-Semitic. JSS 42:229-257.

George 2003 - A. George. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic. Oxford.

Gertz 2006 - J. Gertz. tusiya. TDOT 15:647-650.

Gesenius 1910 - W. Gesenius. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. Oxford.

Geva-Kleinberger 2009 - A. Geva-Kleinberger. Maritime Terminology in the Mehri-language of the East Coast of Yemen. Philologisches und Historisches zwischen Anatolien und Sokotra. Analecta Semitica In Memoriam Alexander Sima. Wiesbaden. Pp. 5162.

Gibson 1982 - J. Gibson. Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions. III. Phoenician Inscriptions Including Inscriptions in the Mixed Dialect of Arslan Tash. Oxford.

Ginsberg 1970 - H. L. Ginsberg. The Northwest Semitic Languages. The World History of Jewish People. Vol. II. Patriarchs. Rutgers. Pp. 102-124.

Ginsberg 1973 - H. L. Ginsberg. Ugaritico-Phoenicia. JANES 5:131-47.

Goetze 1946 - A. Goetze. The Akkadian Masculine Plural in -anu/i and Its Semitic Background. Language 22:121-130.

Goetze 1947 - A. Goetze. Long or Short a? Or 16:239-250.

Goldenberg 1977 - G. Goldenberg. The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia and Their Classification. BSOAS 40:461-507.

Goldenberg 1979 - G. Goldenberg. The Modern South Arabian Prefix-Conjugation: Addendum to BSOAS, XL, 3, 1977. BSOAS 42:541-545.

Good 1983 - R. McClive Good. The Sheep of His Pasture. A Study of the Hebrew Noun "Am(m) and Its Semitic Cognates. Chico.

Gradwohl 1963 - R. Gradwohl. Die Farben im Alten Testament. Berlin.

Greenberg 1950 - J. Greenberg. The Patterning of Root Morphemes in Semitic. Word 6:162-181.

Greenberg 1952 - J. Greenberg. The Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) Present. JAOS 72:1-9.

Greenberg 1955 - J. Greenberg. Internal a-Plurals in Afroasiatic (Hamito-Semitic). Afrikanistische Studien. Berlin. Pp. 198-204.

Greenberg 1960 - J. Greenberg. An Afro-Asiatic Pattern of Gender and Number Agreement. JAOS 80:317-321.

Greenfield 1958 - J. Greenfield. Lexicographic Notes. I. HUCA 29:203-228.

Greenfield 1959 - J. Greenfield. Lexicographic Notes. II. HUCA 30:141-152.

Greenfield 1967 - J. Greenfield. Ugaritic Lexicographical Notes. JCS 21:89-93.

Greenfield 1969 - J. Greenfield. Amurrite, Ugaritic and Canaanite. Proceedings of the International Conference of Semitic Studies. Jerusalem. Pp. 92-101.

Gzella 2007 - H. Gzella. Some Penciled Notes on Ugaritic Lexicography. BiOr 64:527-567.

Gzella 2011 - H. Gzella. Northwest Semitic in General. The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook. Berlin-New York. Pp. 425-451.

Hackett 1984 - J. A. Hackett. The Balaam Text from Deir "Alla. Chico.

Haldar 1964 - A. Haldar. The Position of Ugaritic Among the Semitic Languages. BiOr 21:266-276.

Harris 1939 - Z. Harris. Development of the Canaanite Dialects. New Haven.

Hasselbach 2004 - R. Hasselbach. The Markers of Person, Gender, and Number in the Prefixes of G-Preformative Conjugations in Semitic. JAOS 124:23-35.

Hasselbach 2005 - R. Hasselbach. Sargonic Akkadian. Wiesbaden.

Hasselbach 2006 - R. Hasselbach. The Ventive/Energetic om Semitic. A Morphological Study. ZDMG 156:308-328.

Hasselbach 2007 - R. Hasselbach. Demonstratives in Semitic. JAOS 127:1-27.

Hasselbach-Huehnergard 2007 - R. Hasselbach, J. Huehnergard. Northwest Semitic Languages. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 3:408-422.

Haupt 1910 - P. Haupt. Elul und Adar. ZDMG 64:703-714.

Hayes 1991 - J. Hayes. The Lexical Relationship between Epigraphic South Arabic and Ugaritic. Semitc Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau. Wiesbaden. Pp. 609-626.

Hayes 1994 - J. Hayes. Traces of Barth's Law in Epigraphic South Arabic. ZDMG 144:250-258.

Healey 1995 - J. Healey. Ugaritic and Arabic. Ugarit. Ein ostmediterranes Kulturzentrum im Alten Orient. I. Ugarit und seine altorientalische Umwelt. Münster. Pp. 7585.

Hecker 1968 - K. Hecker. Grammatik der Kültepe-Texte. Roma.

Hein-Müller 1909 - W. Hein, D. H. Müller. Mehri- und Ha¥rami-Texte gesammelt im Jahre 1902 in Gischin. Wien.

Held 1959 - M. Held. m^'/*m^s in Ugaritic and Other Semitic Languages. JAOS 79:169-176.

Heltzer 1982 - M. Heltzer. The Internal Organization of the Kingdom of Ugarit. Wiesbaden.

Heltzer 1999 - M. Heltzer. Again about the gt in Ugarit. UF 31:193-197.

Hetzron 1968 - R. Hetzron. Main Verb-Markers in Northern Gurage. Africa 38:156-172.

Hetzron 1972 - R. Hetzron. Ethiopian Semitic. Studies in Classification. Manchester.

Hetzron 1973-1974 - R. Hetzron. The Markers of Person, Gender and Number in the Prefixes of G-Preformative Conjugations in Semitic. MUSJ 48:35-48.

Hetzron 1974 - R. Hetzron. La division des languages sémitiques. Actes du premier Congrès international de linguistique sémitique et chamito-sémitique, Paris 16-19 juillet 1969. The Hague-Paris. Pp. 181-194.

Hetzron 1975 - R. Hetzron. Genetic Classification and Ethiopian Semitic. Hamito-Semitica. The Hague. Pp. 103-121.

Hetzron 1976 - R. Hetzron. Two Principles of Genetic Reconstruction. Lingua 38:89-108.

Hetzron 1977a - R. Hetzron. The Gunnän-Gurage Languages. Naples.

Hetzron 1977b - R. Hetzron. Innovations in the Semitic Numeral System. JSS 22:167-201.

Hillers-Cussini 1996 - D. Hillers, E. Cussini. Palmyrene Aramaic Texts. Baltimore.

Hoch 1994 - J. Hoch. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton.

Hoffner 1966 - H. Hoffner. A Native Akkadian Cognate to West Semitic *GBN "Cheese"? JAOS 86:27-31.

Höfner 1943 - M. Höfner. Altsüdarabische Grammatik. Leipzig.

Höfner 1987 - M. Höfner. Neuinterpretation zweier altsüdarabischer

Inschriften. Ôayhadica. Recherches sur les inscriptions de VArabie péislamique offertes par ses collègues au professeur A. F. L. Beeston. Paris. Pp. 37-48.

Horowitz-Oshima 2006 - W. Horowitz, T. Oshima. Cuneiform in Canaan. Cuneiform Sources from the Land of Israel in Ancient Times. Jerusalem.

Hrozny 1913 - F. Hrozny. Das Getreide im alten Babylonien. Wien. Hrusa 2010 - I. Hrusa. Die akkadische Synonymenliste malku = sarru. Eine Textedition mit Übersetzung und Kommentar. Münster.

Huehnergard 1983 - J. Huehnergard. Asseverative *la and Hypothetical *lu/law in Semitic. JAOS 103:569-593.

Huehnergard 1987a - J. Huehnergard. Ugaritic Vocabulary in Syllabic Transcription. Atlanta.

Huehnergard 1987b - J. Huehnergard. The Feminine Plural Jussive in Old Aramaic. ZDMG 137:266-277.

Huehnergard 1987c - J. Huehnergard. Three Notes on Akkadian Morphology. "Working With No Data." Semitic and Egyptian Studies Presented to Thomas O. Lambdin. Winona Lake. Pp. 181-193.

Huehnergard 1991a - J. Huehnergard. Further South Semitic Cognates to the Akkadian Lexicon. Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau. Wiesbaden. Pp. 690-713.

Huehnergard 1991b - J. Huehnergard. Remarks on the Classification of Northwest Semitic Languages. The Balaam Text from Deir "Alla Re-evaluated. Leiden. Pp. 282-293.

Huehnergard 1992 - J. Huehnergard. Historical Phonology and the Hebrew Piel. Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew. Winona Lake. Pp. 209-229.

Huehnergard 1995 - J. Huehnergard. What Is Aramaic? ARAM 7:261-82. Huehnergard 1996 - J. Huehnergard. A Byblos Letter, Probably from Kamid el-LMz. ZA 86:97-113.

Huehnergard 1998 - J. Huehnergard. A Grammar of Amarna Canaanite. BASOR 310:59-77.

Huehnergard 2000 - J. Huehnergard. A Grammar of Akkadian. Winona Lake. Huehnergard 2002a - J. Huehnergard. izuzzum and itulum. Riches Hidden in Secret Places. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen. Winona Lake. Pp. 161-185.

Huehnergard 2002b - J. Huehnergard. Comparative Semitic Linguistics. IOS 20:119-150.

Huehnergard 2003 - J. Huehnergard. Akkadian H and West Semitic *|J. Studia Semitica (FS A. Militarev). Moscow. Pp. 102-119.

Huehnergard 2005 - J. Huehnergard. Features of Central Semitic. Biblical and Oriental Essays in Memory of William L. Moran. Roma. Pp. 155-203.

Huehnergard 2006 - J. Huehnergard. Proto-Semitic and Proto-Akkadian. The Akkadian Language in Its Semitic Context. Leiden. Pp. 1-18.

Huehnergard 2007 - J. Huehnergard. qatîl and qattl Nouns in Biblical Hebrew. Sha'arei Lashon: Studies in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Jewish Languages Presented to Moshe Bar-Asher. Jerusalem. Pp. 3-45.

Huehnergard 2008 - J. Huehnergard. Ugaritic Vocabulary in Syllabic Transcription. Second edition. Winona Lake.

Huehnergard-Olyan 2013 - J. Huehnergard, S. Olyan. The Etymology of Hebrew and Aramaicykl 'to be able.' JSS 58:13-19.

Huehnergard-Rubin 2011 - J. Huehnergard, A. Rubin. Phyla and Waves: Models of Classification of the Semitic Languages. The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook. Berlin-New York. Pp. 259-278.

Humbert 1958 - P. Humbert. Opuscules d'un hébraïsant. Neuchâtel. Hurwitz 1913 - S. Hurwitz. Root-Determinatives in Semitic Speech. New York. Isaksson 1989-1990 - B. Isaksson. The Position of Ugaritic among the Semitic Languages. OrSu. 38-39:54-69.

Jackson 1982 - K. Jackson. The Ammonite Language of the Iron Age. Chico. Jahn 1902 - A. Jahn. Die Mehri-Sprache in Südarabien. Texte und Wörterbuch. Wien. Jamme 1962 - A. Jamme. Sabaean Inscriptions from Mapram Bilqîs (Mârib). Baltimore.

Jastrow 1988 - O. Jastrow. Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Hertevin. Wiesbaden. Jastrow 1994 - O. Jastrow. Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Mlapsô. Wiesbaden. Jastrow 2002 - O. Jastrow. Lehrbuch der auroyo-Sprache. Wiesbaden. Jastrow 2005 - O. Jastrow. Glossar zu Kinderib (anatolisches Arabisch). Wiesbaden. Jeffery 1938 - A. Jeffery. The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'än. Baroda. Johnstone 1968 - T. M. Johnstone. The Non-Occurrence of a t-Prefix in Certain Soqotri Verbal Forms. BSOAS 31:515-525.

Johnstone 1970 - T. M. Johnstone. A Definite Article in the Modern South Arabian Languages. BSOAS 33:295-307.

Johnstone 1973 - T. M. Johnstone. Diminutive Patterns in the Modern South Arabian Languages. JSS 18:98-107.

Johnstone 1975 - T. M. Johnstone. The Modern South Arabican Languages. Afroasiatic Linguitics 1/5:93-121.

Johnstone 1980 - T. M. Johnstone. The Non-Occurrence of a t-Prefix in Certain Jibbali Verbal Forms. BSOAS 43:466-470.

Johnstone 1982 - T. M. Johnstone. The System of Enumeration in the South Arabian Languages. Arabian and Islamic Studies. Articles Presented to R. B. Serjeant. London-New York. Pp. 225-228.

Johnstone-Stroomer 1999 - H. Stroomer. Mehri Texts from Oman. Based on the Field Notes of T. M. Johnstone. Wiesbaden.

Joosten 1998 - J. Joosten. The Functions of the Semitic D Stem: Biblical Hebrew Materials for a Comparative Historical Approach. Or 67:202-230.

Joosten 1999 - J. Joosten. The Lengthened Imperative with Accusative Suffix in Biblical Hebrew. ZAW 111:423-426.

Joosten 2000 - J. Joosten. Actif et moyen en sémitique. GLECS 33:201-220. Joüon-Muraoka 2005 - P. Joüon, T. Muraoka. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew.

Rome.

Kaelin 2004 - O. Kaelin. Produkte und Lehnwörter: das Beispiel des Granatapfels. Das Ägyptische und die Sprachen Vorderasiens, Nordafrikas und der Ägäis. Münster. Pp. 91-128.

Kassian-Korolev-Sidel'tsev 2002 - A. Kassian, A. Korolev, A. Sidel'tsev. Hittite Funerary Ritual sallis wastais. Münster.

Kassian et al. 2010 - A. Kassian, G. Starostin, A. Dybo, V. Chernov. The Swadesh Wordlist. An Attempt at Semantic Specification. Journal of Language Relationship 4:46-89.

Kaufman 1974 - S. Kaufman. The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic. Chicago. Kaufman 1988 - S. Kaufman. The Classification of the North West Semitic Dialects of the Biblical Period and Some Implications Thereof. Proceedings of the Ninth World Congress of Jewish Studies. Panel Sessions. Hebrew and Aramaic. Jerusalem. Pp. 4157.

Kaye 1991a - A. Kaye. Does Ugaritic Go with Arabic in Semitic Genealogical Sub-classification? Folia Orientalia 28:115-128.

Kaye 1991b - A. Kaye. Etymology, Etymological Method, Phonological Evolution, and Comparative Semitics: Ge"ez (Classical Ethiopic) !3gr and Colloquial Syro-Palestinian Arabic \3zr 'Foot' One Last Time. Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau. Wiesbaden. Pp. 826-849.

Kerr 2001 - R. M. Kerr. The Verbal Formation yVqattVl in North-West Semitic. Dutch Studies Published by NELL 4:129-174.

Khan 1999 - G. Khan. The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. Leiden-Boston. Khan 2002 - G. Khan. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Qaraqosh. Leiden-Boston. Khan 2008 - G. Khan. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar. Leiden-Boston. Kienast 1960 - B. Kienast. Das Punktualtema *japrus und seine Modi. Or 29:151-167.

Kienast 1961 - B. Kienast. Satzeinleitendes ma im älteren Akkadischen. ZA 54:90-99.

Kienast 1994 - B. Kienast. Glossar zu den altakkadischen Königsinschriften. Stuttgart.

Kienast 2001 - B. Kienast. Historische semitische Sprachwissenschaft. Wiesbaden. Koehler 1940 - L. Koehler. Hebräische Etymologien. JBL 59:35-40. Kogan 1995 - L. Kogan. Three Problems in the Historical Grammar of Hebrew. Anuari de filologia 18:7-17.

Kogan 2001 - L. Kogan. *® in Akkadian. UF 33:263-298.

Kogan 2002 - L. Kogan. Additions and Corrections to *® in Akkadian (UF 33). UF 34:315-317.

Kogan 2003a - L. Kogan. Popular Etymology in the Semitic Languages. Studia Semitica (FS A. Militarev). Moscow. Pp. 120-140.

Kogan 2003b - L. Kogan. On Some Animal Names in the Languages of Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia. AuOr 21:249-256.

Kogan 2004a - L. Kogan. Notes on Barth's Law in Akkadian (with an excursus on the history of Semitic verbs Iy). BuB 1:343-348.

Kogan 2004b - L. Kogan. Ugaritic mm'm 'Brain' Revisited. UF 36:195-204. Kogan 2005a - L. Kogan. Lexicon of Old Aramaic Inscriptions and the Historical Unity of Aramaic. BuB 2:513-566.

Kogan 2005b - L. Kogan. Common Origin of Ethiopian Semitic: the Lexical Dimension. Varia Aethiopica. In Memory of Sevir B. Chernetsov. St. Petersburg. Pp. 367396.

Kogan 2005c - L. Kogan. *© in Ethiopian. Studia Semitica et Semitohamitica. Festschrift für Rainer Voigt. Münster. Pp. 183-216.

Kogan 2005d - L. Kogan. О перспективах составления стословного списка для прасемитского языка. Аспекты компаративистики. I. Moscow. Pp. 271-280.

Kogan 2006a - L. Kogan. Lexical Evidence and the Genealogical Postion of Ugaritic (I). BuB 3:429-488.

Kogan 2006b - L. Kogan. The Etymology of Israel (with an Appendix on Non-Hebrew Semitic Names among Hebrews in the Old Testament). BuB 3:237-255.

Kogan 2006c - L. Kogan. Old Assyrian vs. Old Babylonian: the Lexical Dimension. The Akkadian Language in Its Semitic Context. Leiden. Pp. 177-214.

Kogan 2006d - L. Kogan. Ethiopian Cognates to the Akkadian and Ugaritic Lexicon. Sapal tibnim mû illaku. Studies Presented to Joaquín Sanmartín on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Sabadell. Pp. 269-274.

Kogan 2008a - L. Kogan. On a-Ablaut in the Nominal and Verbal Paradigms in Semitic. Semito-Hamitic Festschrift for A. B. Dolgopolsky and H. Jungraithmayr. Berlin. Pp. 161-168.

Kogan 2008b - L. Kogan. On Proto-Semitic Deverbal Derivation. AuOr 23:91115.

Kogan 2009 - L. Kogan. Семитские языки. Языки мира. Семитские языки. Аккадский язык. Северозападносемитские языки. Moscow. Pp. 15-112.

Kogan 2010a - L. Kogan. Genealogical Position of Ugaritic: the Lexical Dimension. Lexical Isoglosses between Ugaritic and Canaanite. Sefarad 70/1:7-50.

Kogan 2010b - L. Kogan. Genealogical Position of Ugaritic: the Lexical Dimension. Lexical Isoglosses between Ugaritic and Other Semitic Languages. Conclusions. Sefarad 70/2:279-328.

Kogan 2011 - L. Kogan. Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology. The Semtic Languages. An International Handbook. Berlin. Pp. 54-151.

Kogan 2012a - L. Kogan. Les noms de plantes akkadiens dans leur contexte sémitique. Language and Nature. Papers Presented to John Huehnergard on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday. Chicago. Pp. 229-267.

Kogan 2012b - L. Kogan. *na"r- 'garçon' dans une lettre mariote. RA 106:177180.

Kogan 2014 - L. Kogan. Les termes sémitiques de parenté dans les sources cunéiformes: l'apport de l'étymologie. La famille dans le Proche-Orient ancient: réalités, symbolismes, et images (CRRAI 55). Winona Lake. Pp. 87-111.

Kogan-Korotaev 1997 - L. Kogan, A. Korotayev. Sayhadic (Epigraphic South Arabian). The Semitic Languages. London. Pp. 220-241.

Kogan-Korotaev 2003 - L. Kogan, A. Korotayev. Animals and Beyond. A New Work on Epigraphic South Arabian Realia. WZKM 93:95-118.

Kogan-Korotaev 2007 - L. Kogan, A. Korotayev. Epigraphic South Arabian Morphology. Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Volume 1. Winona Lake. Pp. 167-192.

Kogan-Koslova 2006 - L. Kogan, N. Koslova. Review of Assyria and Beyond. Studies Presented to Mogens Trolle Larsen (Leiden, 2004). BuB 3:589-612.

Kogan-Markina 2006 - L. Kogan, E. Markina. Review of Hasselbach 2005. BuB 3:555-588.

Kogan-Markina 2012 - L. Kogan, E. Markina. Marginalia Sargonica (I). BuB 479-485.

Kogan-Militarev 2003 - L. Kogan, A. Militarev. Non-Trivial Semantic Shifts in Semitic. Semitic and Assyriological Studies Presented to Pelio Fronzaroli. Wiesbaden. Pp. 286-300.

Kogan-Naumkin 2014 - L. Kogan, V. Naumkin. The Vowels of Soqotri as a Phonemic System. Languages of Southern Arabia. Oxford. Pp. 57-80.

Kopf 1976 - L. Kopf. Studies in Hebrew and Arabic Lexicography. Jerusalem.

Kottsieper 2000 - I. Kottsieper. yaqattal — Phantom oder Problem? KUSATU 1:27-100.

Kouwenberg 1997 - N. J. C. Kouwenberg. Gemination in the Akkadian Verb. Assen.

Kouwenberg 2004 - N. J. C. Kouwenberg. Assyrian Light on the History of the N-Stem. Assyria and Beyond. Studies Presented to Mogens Trolle Larsen. Leiden. Pp. 333352.

Kouwenberg 2005 - N. J. C. Kouwenberg. Reflections on the Gt-stem in Akkadian. ZA 95:77-103.

Kouwenberg 2008 - N. J. C. Kouwenberg. On the Old Assyrian Verb atawwum 'to speak' and Related Issues. Old Assyrian Studies in Memory of Paul Garelli. Leiden. Pp. 159-173.

Kouwenberg 2010a - N. J. C. Kouwenberg. The Akkadian Verb and Its Semitic Background. Winona Lake.

Kouwenberg 2010b - N. J. C. Kouwenberg. The Recycling of the T-infix in Prehistoric Akkadian: A Case of Exaptation. BuB 4:617-646.

Krahmalkov 2000 - Ch. Krahmalkov. Phoenician-Punic Dictionary. Leuven.

Krebernik 1983 - M. Krebernik. Zu Syllabar und Orthographie der lexikalischen Texte aus Ebla. Teil 2 (Glossar). ZA 83:1-47.

Krebernik 1985 - M. Krebernik. Zur Entwicklung der Keilschrift im III. Jahrtausend anhand der Texte aus Ebla. AfO 32:53-59.

Krebernik 1993 - M. Krebernik. Verbalformen mit suffigierten n-Morphemen in Ugaritischen. Syntax und Text: Beiträge zur 22. Internationalen Ökumenischen HebräischDozenten-Konferenz 1993 im Bamberg. St. Ottilien. Pp. 123-150.

Krebernik 1996 - M. Krebernik. The Linguistic Classification of Eblaite: Methods, Problems, and Results. The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-First Century. The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference. Winona Lake. Pp. 233-249.

Krebernik 2003 - M. Krebernik. Lexikalishes aus Tuttul. Semitic and Assyriological Studies Presented to Pelio Fronzaroli. Wiesbaden. Pp. 301-319.

Krebernik 2006 - M. Krebernik. Some Questions Concerning Word Formation in Akkadian. The Akkadian Language in Its Semitic Context. Leiden. Pp. 84-95.

Krecher 1984 - J. Krecher. Sumerische und nichtsumerische Schicht der Schriftkultur von Ebla. Il Bilinguismo a Ebla. Napoli. Pp. 139-166.

Kreuzer 1985 - S. Kreuzer. Zur Bedeutung und Etymologie von histapwäh/ystpwy. VT 35:39-60.

Krispijn 2004 - Th. Krispijn. pa4.ses "Ältester." Von Sumer nach Ebla und zurück. Festschrift Giovanni Pettinato. Heidelberg. Pp. 105-112.

Kühne 1974 - C. Kühne. Mit Glossenkeil markierte fremde Wörter in akkadischen Ugarittexten. UF 6:157-167.

Kurylowicz 1961 - J. Kurylowicz. Läpophonie en sémitique. Wroclaw. Kurylowicz 1972 - J. Kurylowicz. Studies in Semitic Grammar and Metrics. Wroclaw.

Lambert 1903 - M. Lambert. De l'emploi des suffixes pronominaux avec Noun et sans Noun au future et à l'impératif. REJ 46:178-183.

Lambert 1989 - W. G. Lambert. Notes on a Work of the Most Ancient Semitic Literature. JCS 41:1-33.

Lämmerhirt 2010 - K. Lämmerhirt. Wahrheit und Trug. Untersuchungen zur altorientalischen Begriffsgeschichte. Münster.

Landberg 1901 - C. de Landberg. Etudes sur les dialectes de l'Arabie méridionale. I. Ha¥ramût. Leyde.

Landsberger 1967 - B. Landsberger. Akkadisch-Hebräische Wortgleichungen.

Hebräische Wortforschung. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag von Walter Baumgartner. Leiden. Pp. 176-204.

Leslau 1931-1934 - W. Leslau. Explications et rapprochements à propos de quelques éléments du vocabulaire mehri. GLECS 1:35.

Leslau 1939 - W. Leslau. Essai de reconstruction des désinences verbales du tigrigna. Revue des études sémitiques 1939:15-31.

Leslau 1941 - W. Leslau. Documents tigrigna. Paris.

Leslau 1943 - W. Leslau. South-East Semtic (Ethiopic and South-Arabic). JAOS 63:4-14.

Leslau 1945 - W. Leslau. The Parts of the Body in the Modern South Arabic Languages. Language 21:230-249.

Leslau 1947 - W. Leslau. The Position of the Dialect of Curia Muria in Modern South Arabic. BSOAS 12:5-19.

Leslau 1956 - W. Leslau. Étude descriptive et comparative du gafat. Paris. Leslau 1958 - W. Leslau. Ethiopic and South Arabic Contributions to the Hebrew Lexicon. Berkeley-Los Angeles.

Leslau 1967 - W. Leslau. Hypothesis on a Proto-Semitic Marker of the Imperfect in Gurage. JNES 26:121-125.

Leslau 1969 - W. Leslau. The Negative Particle !in in Arabic and !3n in Ethiopic. AION 29:137-145.

Leslau 1970 - W. Leslau. Modern South Arabian. Current Trends in Linguistics. Volume 6. Linguistics in South West Asia and North Africa. The Hague-Paris. Pp. 515527.

Leslau 1975 - W. Leslau. What Is a Semitic Ethiopian Language? Hamito-Semitica. The Hague. Pp. 129-131.

Leslau 1990 - W. Leslau. Arabic Loanwords in Ethiopian Semitic. Wiesbaden. Leslau 1997 - W. Leslau. Ethiopic Documents: Argobba. Grammar and Dictionary. Wiesbaden.

Levine 2010 - B. Levine. Cognate Patterns in Ancient Hebrew Poetry: Tracing the Lineage of Psalm 110. Language in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 53 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Vol. I. Winona Lake. Pp. 1147-1162.

Levine-de Tarragon-Robertson 1997 - B. Levine, J.-M. de Tarragon, A. Robertson. The Patrons of the Ugaritic Dynasty (KTU 1.161). The Context of the Scripture. I. Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World. Leiden-New York-Köln. Pp. 357-358.

Lieberman 1977 - S. Lieberman. Sumerian Loanwords in Old Babylonian Akkadian. Missoula.

Lipinski 1970 - E. Lipinski. Banquet en l'honneur de Baal. UF 2:75-88. Lipinski 1997 - E. Lipinski. Semitic Languages. Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven.

Littmann 1915 - E. Littmann. Lieder der "Ad-Temäryäm, "Ad-Hebtes (Nabäb), "Ad-Takles und kleinerer Stämme (PPEA IV/B). Leiden.

Littmann 1954 - E. Littmann. Die äthiopische Sprache. Handbuch der Orientalistik. III. Semitistik. Leiden-Köln. Pp. 350-375.

Liverani 1964 - Elementi innovativi nell'ugaritico non letterario. ANLR VIII/XIX/1-2:173-191.

Liverani 1998 - M. Liverani. Le lettere di el-Amarna. Brescia.

Loesov 2009 - С. Лёзов. Арамейские языки. Языки мира. Семитские языки. Аккадский язык. Северозападносемитские языки. Moscow. Pp. 414-496.

Loewenstamm 1980 - S. Loewenstamm. Comparative Studies in Biblical and Ancient Orienal Literatures. Neukirchen.

Lonnet 1991 - A. Lonnet. La découverte du sudarabique moderne: le epkili de Fresnel (1838). MAS-GELLAS NS 3:15-89.

Lonnet 1993 - A. Lonnet. Quelques résultats en linguistique sudarabique moderne. QSA 11:37-82.

Lonnet 1994 - A. Lonnet. Le verbe sudarabique moderne: hypothèses sur des tendances. MAS-GELLAS NS 6:213-255.

Lonnet 1999 - A. Lonnet. Le vocabulaire de la parenté en Socotri. Afroasiatica Tergestina. Papers from the 9th Italian Meeting of Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) Linguistics. Padova. Pp. 187-212.

Lonnet 2005 - A. Lonnet. Emprunts intra-sémitiques: l'exemple des emprunts arabes en sudarabique moderne. AuOr 23:199-206.

Lonnet 2008 - A. Lonnet. La marque -i du féminin en (chamito-)sémitique et son développement en sudarabique moderne oriental. AuOr 26:118-134.

Loretz 1993 - O. Loretz. Ugaritisch-hebräisch \mr/pmr und msk(/mzg). UF 25:247-258.

Loretz 1995 - O. Loretz. Ugaritische Lexikographie. SEL 12:105-120. Löw 1881 - I. Löw. Aramäische Pflanzennamen. Leipzig.

Lucas-Lash 2010 - C. Lucas, E. Lash. Contact as Catalyst: the Case for Coptic Influence in the Development of Arabic Negation. Journal of Linguistics 46:379-411.

Macuch 1993 - R. Macuch. Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von AhwJz. Wiesbaden. McCarter 1980 - P. K. McCarter. The Balaam Texts from Deir "Alla: the First Combination. BASOR 239:49-60.

McCarter 1991 - P. K. McCarter. The Dialect of the Deir "Alla Texts. The Balaam Text from Deir "Alla Re-evaluated. Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Leiden 21-24 August 1989. Leiden. Pp. 87-99.

Maizel 1983 - C. C. Майзель. Пути развития корневого фонда семитских языков. Moscow.

Mankowski 2000 - P. Mankowski. Akkadian Loanwords in Biblical Hebrew. Winona

Lake.

Márquez Rowe 1992 - I. Márquez Rowe. Akkadisms in Ugaritic Texts. KTU 2.41:14-22. AuOr 10:152-154.

Marrassini 1971 - P. Marrassini. Formazione del lessico dell'edilizia militare nel semitico di Siria. Firenze.

Meeks 1997 - D. Meeks. Les emprunts égyptiens aux langues sémitiques durant le Nouvel Empire et la Troisième Période Intermédiaire. Les aléas du comparatisme. BiOr 54:32-61.

Meissner 1931 - B. Meissner. Beiträge zum assyrischen Wörterbuch. I. Chicago.

Michaut-Colombot 1997 - D. Michaut-Colombot. La gat de Gédéon, pressoir ou fief? UF 29:579-598.

Michel 1997 - C. Michel. Une incantation paléo-assyrienne contre Lamastum. Or 66:58-64.

Militarev 1999 - A. Militarev. Sumerian-Akkadian Language Contacts. Landwirtschaft im Alten Orient (CRRAI 41). Berlin. Pp. 393-402.

Militarev 2000 - A. Militarev. Towards the Chronology of Afrasian (Afroasiatic) and its Daughter Families. Time Depth in Historical Linguistics. Cambridge. Pp. 267-307.

Militarev 2004 - A. Militarev. Another Step towards the Chronology of Afrasian (I). BuB 1:283-333.

Militarev 2007 - A. Militarev. Towards a Complete Etymology-Based Hundred Word List of Semitic (First Third). Akten des 7. internationalen Semitohamitistenkongresses, Berlin 2004. Aachen. Pp. 71-102.

Militarev 2008 - A. Militarev. Towards a Complete Etymology-Based Hundred Word List of Semitic (Second Third). Semito-Hamitic Festschrift for A. B. Dolgopolsky and H. Jungraithmayr. Berlin. Pp. 194-222.

Militarev 2010 - A. Militarev. A Complete Etymology-Based Hundred Wordlist of Semitic Updated: Items 1-34. Journal of Language Relationship 3:43-78.

Militarev 2012a - A. Militarev. A Complete Etymology-Based Hundred Wordlist of Semitic Updated: Items 55-74. Journal of Language Relationship 7:71-104.

Militarev 2012b - A. Militarev. Review of Takács 2008. BuB 6:593-610.

Militarev 2014 - A. Militarev. A Complete Etymology-Based Hundred Wordlist of Semitic Updated: Items 75-100. Journal of Language Relationship 11:159-185.

Miller-Morris 1988 - A. Miller, M. Morris. Plants of Dhofar. Oman.

Miller-Morris 2004 - A. Miller, M. Morris. Ethnoflora of the Soqotra Archipelago. Edinburgh.

Mittwoch 1926 - E. Mittwoch. Die traditionelle Aussprache des Äthiopischen. BerlinLeipzig.

Moran 1960 - W. Moran. Early Canaaniteyaqtula. Or 29:1-19.

Moran 1973 - W. Moran. The Dual Personal Pronouns in Western Peripheral Akkadian. BASOR 211:50-53.

Moran 1983 - W. Moran. Notes brèves. sünu II. RA 77:93-94. Moran 1992 - W. Moran. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore.

Morris 2005 - M. Morris. Soqotra: the Poem by 'Abduh and Hammudi by Ali Abdullah Al Rigdihi. Arabia Vitalis. Moscow. Pp. 354-370.

Morris 2012 - M. Morris. Review of Rubin 2010. JAOS 132-486. Moscati 1946 - S. Moscati. La radice semitica !mr. Biblica 27:115-126. Moscati 1964 - S. Moscati. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden.

Muchiki 1999 - Y. Muchiki. Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic. Atlanta.

Müller 1902 - D. Müller. Die Mehri- und Soqotri-Sprache. I. Texte. Wien. Müller 1905 - D. Müller. Die Mehri- und Soqotri-Sprache. II. Soqotri-Texte. Wien. Müller 1907 - D. Müller. Die Mehri- und Soqotri-Sprache. III. S^auri-Texte. Wien. Müller 1909a - D. Müller. Die Formen qatlal und qatlil in der SoqoCri-Sprache.

Florilegium ou Recueil de travaux d'érudition dédiés à Monsieur le Marquis Melchior de Vogué à l'occasion du quatre-vingtième anniversaire de sa naissance, 18 octobre 1909. Paris. Pp. 445455.

Müller 1909b - D. Müller. Soqoiri-Glossen. WZKM 23:347-354. Müller 1964 - W. Müller. Über Beziehungen zwischen den neusüdarabischen und den abessinischen Sprachen. JSS 9:50-55.

Müller 1966 - W. Müller. Review ofJamme 1962. AfO 21:104-109. Müller 1972 - W. Müller. Sabäische Inschriften aus dem Museum in Ta"izz. Neue Ephemeris für Semitische Epigraphik. Bd. 1. Wiesbaden. Pp. 87-101.

Müller 1975 - W. Müller. Beiträge zur hamito-semitischen Wortvergleichung. Hamito-Semitica. La Haye-Paris. Pp. 63-74.

Müller 1985 - W. Müller. Beiträge aus dem Mehri zum etymologischen Teil des hebräischen Lexikons. Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Maxime Rodinson. Paris. Pp. 267278.

Müller 1995 - W. Müller. Beiträge aus dem Sjeri zum etymologischen Teil des hebräischen Lexikons. Meilenstein. Festgabe für Herbert Donner. Wiesbaden. Pp. 143-153.

Muraoka-Porten 2003 - T. Muraoka, B. Porten. A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic. Leiden-Boston.

Muth 2009-2010 - F.-Ch. Muth. Frühe Zeugnisse des Amharischen und der Gurage-Sprachen in einer polyglotten Wortliste von Al-Malik Al-Af¥al. Folia Orientalia 45-46:87-109.

Mutzafi 2004 - H. Mutzafi. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Koy Sanjaq. Wiesbaden.

Mutzafi 2008 - H. Mutzafi. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Betanure. Wiesbaden. Nakano 1986 - A. Nakano. Comparative Vocabulary of Southern Arabic. Tokyo. Naumkin-Porhomovskiy 1981 - В. В. Наумкин, В.Я. Порхомовский. Очерки по этнолингвистике Сокотры. Moscow.

Nebes 1994a - N. Nebes. Verwendung und Funktion der Präfixkonjugation im Sabäischen. Arabia Felix. Beiträge zur Sprache und Kultur des vorislamischen Arabien. Festschrift Walter W. Müller zum 60. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden. Pp. 191-211.

Nebes 1994b - N. Nebes. Zur Form der Imperfektbasis des unvermehrten Grundstammes im Altsüdarabischen. Festschrift Ewald Wagner zum 65. Geburtstag. I. Semitische Studien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Südsemitistik. Beirut. Pp. 59-81.

Nebes-Stein 2004 - N. Nebes, P. Stein. Ancient South Arabian. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Cambridge. Pp. 454-87.

Nims-Steiner 1983 - C. Nims, R. Steiner. A Paganized Version of Psalm 20:2-6 from the Aramaic Text in Demotic Script. JAOS 103:261-274.

Nöldeke 1875 - T. Nöldeke. Mandäische Grammatik. Halle.

Nöldeke 1878 - T. Nöldeke. Review of P. de Lagarde. Semitica (Göttingen, 1878). ZDMG 32:401-410.

Nöldeke 1886 - T. Nöldeke. Review of F. Delitzsch. Prolegomena eines neuen hebräisch-aramäischen Wörterbuchs zum Alten Testament (Leipzig, 1886). ZDMG 40:718743.

Nöldeke 1900 - T. Nöldeke. Review of T. Schulthess. Homonyme Wurzeln im Syrischen (Berlin, 1900). ZDMG 54:152-164.

Nöldeke 1903 - T. Nöldeke. Review of E. Kautzsch. Die Aramäismen im Alten Testament (Halle, 1902). ZDMG 57:412-420.

Nöldeke 1904 - T. Nöldeke. Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft. Straßburg. Nöldeke 1905a - T. Nöldeke. Review of C. Landberg. La langue arabe et ses dialectes (Leide, 1905). ZDMG 59:412-419.

Nöldeke 1905b - T. Nöldeke. Zur semitischen Pluralendung. ZA 18:68-72. Nöldeke 1907 - T. Nöldeke. Die aramäischen Papyri von Assuan. ZA 20:130150.

Nöldeke 1910 - T. Nöldeke. Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft. Straßburg.

Nöldeke 1911 - T. Nöldeke. Semitic Languages. Encylopaedia Britannica 24:617630.

Nöldeke 2001 - T. Nöldeke. Compendious Syriac Grammar. Winona Lake. Noorlander 2012 - P. Noorlander. Samlalian in Its Northwest Semitic Setting: A Historical-Comparative Approach. Or 81:202-238.

Nyberg 1920 - H. Nyberg. Wortbildung mit Präfixen in den semitischen Sprachen. Le monde oriental 14:177-291.

Pardee 1978 - D. Pardee. ypp 'witness' in Hebrew and Ugaritic. VT 28:204-213.

Pardee 1985 - D. Pardee. Les texts hippiatriques (RSOu II). Paris.

Pardee 1988 - D. Pardee. Les textes para-mythologiques de la 24 campagne (1961).

Paris.

Pardee 1991 - D. Pardee. The Linguistic Classification of the Deir "Alla Text Written on Plaster. The Balaam Text from Deir "Alla Re-evaluated. Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Leiden 21-24 August 1989. Leiden. Pp.100-105.

Pardee 1994 - D. Pardee. Will the Dragon Never Be Muzzled? UF 16:251-255.

Pardee 1997 - D. Pardee. Miscellaneous Ugaritic texts translated and annotated in the section "West Semitic Canonical Compositions." The Context of Scripture. I. Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World. Leiden-New York-Köln.

Pardee 1999 - D. Pardee. Eloah. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Leiden-Boston-Köln. Pp. 285-288.

Pardee 2000 - D. Pardee. Les textes rituels (RSOu 12). Paris.

Pardee 2002a - D. Pardee. Ugaritic Letters. The Context of the Scripture. Vol. III. Archival Documents from the Biblical World. Leiden-Boston-Köln. Pp. 87-116.

Pardee 2002b - D. Pardee. Un "nouveau" mot ougaritique. AuOr 20:163-182. Pardee 2007 - D. Pardee. Preliminary Presentation of a New Ugaritic Song to "A-tartu (RIH 98/02). Ugarit at Seventy-Five. Winona Lake. Pp. 27-39.

Pardee 2009 - D. Pardee. A New Aramaic Inscription from Zincirli. BASOR 356:51-71.

Parker 1997 - S. B. Parker. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Atlanta. Pat-El 2012 - N. Pat-El. On Verbal Negation in Semitic. ZDMG 162:17-45. Pat-El 2013 - N. Pat-El. On Negation in Phoenician. Linguistic Studies in Phoenician in Memory of J. Brian Pekham. Winona Lake. Pp. 47-67.

Pedersén 1989 - O. Pedersén. Some Morphological Aspects of Sumerian and

o

Akkadian Linguistic Areas. DUMU-E2-DUB-BA-A. Studies in Honor of Ake W. Sjöberg. Philadelphia. Pp. 429-438.

Pentiuc 2001 - E. Pentiuc. West Semitic Vocabulary in the Akkadian Texts from Emar. Winona Lake.

Pirenne 1990 - J. Pirenne. Fouilles de Shabwa. I. Les témoins écrits de la région de Shabwa et l'histoire. Paris.

Podolsky 1991 - B. Podolsky. Historical Phonetics of Amharic. Tel-Aviv. Poebel 1939 - A. Poebel. Studies in Akkadian Grammar. Chicago. Pope 1947 - M. Pope. A Note on Ugaritic ndd - ydd. JCS 1:337-341. Pope 1965 - M. Pope. Job (The Anchor Bible). New York.

Porkhomovsky 1997 - V. Porkhomovsky. Modern South Arabian Languages from a Semitic and Hamito-Semitic Perspective. PSAS 27:219-223.

Porten-Yardeni 1993 - B. Porten, A. Yardeni. Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. III. Literature, Accounts, Lists. Jerusalem.

Powell 1979 - M. Powell. Notes on Akkadian Numbers and Number Syntax. JSS 24:13-18.

Preuss 1980 - H. Preuss. Jwh; hishtachavah. TDOT 4:248-256. Rabin 1963 - Ch. Rabin. Hittite Words in Hebrew. Or 32:113-139. Rabin 1975 - Ch. Rabin. Lexicostatistics and the Internal Divisions of Semitic. Hamito-Semitica. The Hague. Pp. 85-102.

Rainey 1976 - A. Rainey. A Tri-lingual Cuneiform Fragment from Tel Aphek. Tel Aviv 3:137-140.

Rainey 1977 - A. Rainey. Verbal Usages in the Taanach Tablets. IOS 7:33-64. Rainey 1978 - A. Rainey. El Amarna Tablets 359-379. Neukirchen. Rainey 1991-1993 - A. Rainey. Is There Really a yaqtula Conjugation Pattern in the Canaanite Amarna Tablets? JCS 43-45:107-118.

Rainey 1996 - A. Rainey. Canaanite in the Amarna Tablets. A Linguistic Analysis of

the Mixed Dialect Used by the Scribes from Canaan. Leiden.

Rainey 1998 - A. Rainey. Egyptian Evidence for Semitic Linguistics. IOS 18:431-453.

Rainey 2007 - A. Rainey. Redefining Hebrew — a Transjordanian Language. MAARAV 14:67-81.

Ratcliffe 1998a - R. Ratcliffe. The "Broken" Plural Problem in Arabic and Comparative Semitic. Amsterdam-Philadelphia.

Ratcliffe 1998b - R. Ratcliffe. Defining Morphological Isoglosses: the 'Broken' Plural and Semitic Subclassification. JNES 57:81-123.

Raz 1983 - Sh. Raz. Tigre Grammar and Texts. Malibu.

Reckendorf 1895 - H. Reckendorf. Die syntaktischen Verhältnisse des Arabischen. Leiden.

Reiter 1997 - K. Reiter. Die Metalle im Alten Orient. Münster. Rendsburg 2006 - G. Rendsburg. Israelian Hebrew in the Song of Songs. Biblical Hebrew in Its Northwest Semitic Setting. Typological and Historical Perspectives. Winona Lake. Pp. 315-323.

Renfroe 1992 - F. Renfroe. Arabic-Ugaritic Lexical Studies. Münster. Retsö 1989 - J. Retsö. Diathesis in the Semitic Languages. Leiden. Reuter 2006 - E. Reuter. sippä. TDOT 15:405-410. Rhodokanakis 1910 - N. Rhodokanakis. Zur Formenlehre des Mehri. Wien. Rhodokanakis 1915 - N. Rhodokanakis. Der zweigipflige Akzent in Minäo-Sabäischen. Wien.

Ribichini-Xella 1985 - S. Ribichini, P. Xella. La terminologia dei tessili nei testi di Ugarit. Roma.

Riftin 1941 - А. П. Рифтин. К происхождению форм наклонений в арабском и аккадском языках. Труды II сессии арабистов. Moscow-Leningrad. Pp. 127-132. Ritter 1990 - H. Ritter. aNrMyo. C. Grammatik. Stuttgart. Roberts 1972 - J. Roberts. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore-London. Robertson 1972 - D. Robertson. Linguistic Evidence in Dating Early Hebrew Poetry. Missoula.

Robin 1982 - Ch. Robin. Les hautes-terres du Nord-Yemen avant Г Islam. Istanbul. Rodgers 1991 - J. Rodgers. The Subgrouping of the South Semitic Languages. Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau. Wiesbaden. Pp. 1323-1336.

Rosenthal 2006 - F. Rosenthal. A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. Wiesbaden. Rössler 1950 - O. Rössler. Verbalbau und Verbalflexion in den semitohamitischen Sprachen. Vorstudien zu einer vergleichenden semitohamitischen Grammatik. ZDMG 100:461-514.

Rössler 1951a - O. Rössler. Akkadisches und libysches Verbum. I. Or 20:101107.

Rössler 1951b - O. Rössler. Akkadisches und libysches Verbum. II. Or 20:366373.

Rössler 1961 - O. Rössler. Ghain im Ugaritischen. ZA 54:158-172. Rössler 1981 - O. Rössler. The Structure und Inflection of the Verb in the Semito-Hamitic Languages. Bono Homini Donum. Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory of J. A. Kerns. Amsterdam. Pp. 679-748.

Roth 1987 - M. Roth. Age at Marriage and the Household: A Study of Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Forms. Comparative Studies in Society and History 29:715747.

Rubin 2005 - A. Rubin. Studies in Semitic Grammaticalization. Winona Lake.

Rubin 2007 - A. Rubin. The Mehri Participle: Form, Function, and Evolution. JRAS 3/17/4:381-388.

Rubin 2008 - A. Rubin. Interrogatives in Mehri: Their Use and Etymologies. ZAL 48:75-90.

Rubin 2010 - A. Rubin. The Mehri Language of Oman. Leiden-Boston.

Rubin 2011 - A. Rubin. Mehri Dialect Studies: Omani and Sarqiyah Mehri. ZAL 54:67-83.

Rubin 2012 - A. Rubin. Two Modern South Arabian Etymologies. Language and Nature. Papers Presented to John Huehnergard on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday. Chicago. 345-352.

Rubin 2014 - A. Rubin. The Jibbali (Shapri) Language of Oman. Leiden.

Rubio 1999 - G. Rubio. On the Alleged "Pre-Sumerian Substratum." JCS 51:116.

Rundgren 1955 - F. Rundgren. Über Bildungen mit s- und n-t-Demonstrativen im Semitischen. Uppsala.

Rundgren 1963 - F. Rundgren. Hebräisch bä'är "Golderz" und \dmar "sagen." Zwei Egymologien. Or 32:178-183.

Rundgren 1965-1966 - F. Rundgren. A propos d'une hypothèse nouvelle concernant la provenance du morphème qatal-a. OrSu 14-15:62-74.

Ryckmans 1973 - J. Ryckmans. Un rite d'istisqâ! au temple sabéen de Mârib. Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves 20:379-388.

Sabar 2002 - Y. Sabar. A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary. Dialects of Amidya, Dihok, Nerwa and Zakho, Northwestern Iraq. Wiesbaden.

Sanmartín 1973 - J. Sanmartín. Semantisches über \MR "Sehen" und \MR "Sagen" im Ugaritischen. UF 5:263-270.

Sanmartín 1977 - J. Sanmartín. Semantisches über Ug. ADN. UF 9:269-272.

Sanmartín 1978 - J. Sanmartín. Glossen zum ugaritischen Lexicon (II). UF 10:350-356.

Sanmartín 1979 - J. Sanmartín. Glossen zum ugaritischen Lexicon (III). UF 11:723-728.

Sanmartín 1989 - J. Sanmartín. Glossen zum ugaritischen Lexicon (IV). UF 12:335-339.

Sanmartín 1991 - J. Sanmartín. Isoglosas morfoléxicas eblaítico-ugaríticas: la trampa lexicográfica. AuOr 9:165-217.

Sanmartín 1992 - J. Sanmartín. RS-akk. nutku und ug. alph. ntk 'Glaspaste, -perle(n).' NABU 1992/111.

Sanmartín 1995 - J. Sanmartín. Zur Schreibpraxis der ugaritischen Siegelschneider: die Siegellegende KTU 6.66. UF 27:455-465.

Sasse 1991 - H.-J. Sasse. Notes on the Prefixation of *\a- in Afroasiatic. Ägypten im afro-orientalischen Kontext. Gedenkschrift Peter Behrens. Köln. Pp. 271-277.

Sassmanshausen 1995 - L. Sassmanshausen. Funktion und Stellung der Herolde

(nigir/nJgiru) im alten Orient. BaM 26:85-194.

Schloen 2001 - D. Schloen. The House of the Father as Fact and Symbol. Winona

Lake.

Schmidt 1978 - W. Schmidt. däbhar; däbhär. TDOT 3:84-125.

Schneider 1954-1957 - R. Schneider. Les noms de parenté en sud-arabique moderne. GLECS 7:27-31.

Schorch 2000 - St. Schorch. Euphemismen in der Hebräischen Bibel. Wiesbaden.

Schub 1973 - M. B. Schub. A Note on the Dialect of Tamîm and Barth's Law. ZDMG 124:13-14.

Schwemer 2001 - D. Schwemer. Die Wettergottgestalten. Wiesbaden.

Segert 1965 - S. Segert. Ugaritisch und Aramäisch. Studia semitica Ioanni Bakos dicata. Bratislava. Pp. 215-226.

Segert 1984 - S. Segert. A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language. Berkeley.

Selz 2002 - G. Selz. 'Babilismus' und die Gottheit dNindagar. Ex Mesopotamia et Syria Lux. Festschfirt für Manfried Dietrich. Münster. Pp. 647-684.

Serjeant-Wagner 1959 - R. Serjeant, E. Wagner. A Sixteenth-Century Reference to Shajrî Dialect at YufJr. BSOAS 22:128-132.

Sima 2000 - A. Sima. Tiere, Pflanzen, Steine und Metalle in den altsüdarabischen Inschriften. Wiesbaden.

Sima 2002 - A. Sima. Der bestimmte Artikel im Mehri. "Sprich doch mit deinen Knechten aramäisch, wir verstehen es!" 60 Beiträge zur Semitistik. Festschrift für Otto Jastrow zum 60. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden. Pp. 647-688.

Sima 2009 - A. Sima. Mehri-Texte aus der jemenitischen SarqLyah. Wiesbaden.

Simeone-Senelle 1991 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle. Notes sur le premier vocabulaire soqotri: le mémoire de Wellsted (1835). Première partie. MAS-GELLAS NS 3:91-135.

Simeone-Senelle 1992 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle. Notes sur le premier vocabulaire soqotri: le mémoire de Wellsted (1835). Deuxième partie. MAS-GELLAS NS 4:13-82.

Simeone-Senelle 1993 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle. L'expression du "futur" dans les langues sudarabiques modernes. MAS-GELLAS NS 5:249-277.

Simeone-Senelle 1994 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle. La négation dans les langues sudarabiques modernes. MAS-GELLAS NS 6:187-211.

Simeone-Senelle 1996 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle. The Soqotri Language. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Soqotra Island. New York. Pp. 309-321.

Simeone-Senelle 1997 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle. The Modern South Arabian Languages. The Semitic Languages. London. Pp. 378-423.

Simeone-Senelle 1998 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle. La dérivation verbale dans les langues sudarabiques modernes. JSS 43:71-88.

Simeone-Senelle 2002 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle. Les langues sudarabiques modernes à l'aube de l'an 2000. Evaluation des connaissances. IOS 20:379-400.

Simeone-Senelle-Lonnet 1985-1986 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle, A. Lonnet. Lexique des noms des parties du corps dans les langues sudarabiques modernes. Première partie: la tête. MAS-GELLAS 3:259-304.

Simeone-Senelle-Lonnet 1988-1989 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle, A. Lonnet.

Lexique des noms des parties du corps dans les langues sudarabiques modernes. Deuxième partie: les membres. MAS-GELLAS NS 2:191-252.

Simeone-Senelle-Lonnet 1991 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle, A. Lonnet. Lexique Soqotri: les noms des parties du corps. Semitic Studies in Honor of Wolf Leslau. Wiesbaden. Pp. 1445-1487.

Simeone-Senelle-Lonnet 1992 - M.-C. Simeone-Senelle, A. Lonnet. Compléments à "Lexique soqotri: les noms des parties du corps." MAS-GELLAS NS 4:85-108.

Singer 1999 - I. Singer. A Political History of Ugarit. Handbook of Ugaritic Studies. Leiden-Boston-Köln. Pp. 603-733.

Sivan 1984 - D. Sivan. Grammatical Analysis and Glossary of the North-West Semitic Vocables in Akkadian Texts of the 15th-13th C. B. C. from Canaan and Syria. Neukirchen-Vluyn.

Sivan 2003 - D. Sivan. The Status of Ugaritic among the Northwest Semitic Languages in the Wake of New Research. UF 32:531-41.

о

Sjöberg 1996 - A. Sjöberg. Eve and the Chamaeleon. In the Shelter of Elyon. FS G. Ahlström. Sheffield. Pp. 217-225.

о

Sjöberg 2003 - A. Sjöberg. Notes on Selected Entries from the Ebla Vocaublary es2-bar-kin5 (I). Festschrift für Burkhart Kienast. Münster. Pp. 527-568.

Smith 1994 - M. Smith. The Ugaritic Baal Cycle. I. Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU 1.1-1.2. Leiden.

Sokoloff 1999 - M. Sokoloff. The Old Aramaic Inscription from Bukan: a Revised Interpretation. IEJ 49:105-15.

Sommerfeld 1999 - W. Sommerfeld. Die Texte der Akkade-Zeit. 1. Das Dijala-Gebiet: Tutub. Münster.

Sommerfeld 2006 - W. Sommerfeld. Die ältesten semitischen Sprachzeugnisse -eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme. The Akkadian Language in Its Semitic Context. Leiden. Pp. 30-75.

Sommerfeld 2007 - W. Sommerfeld. Rïmus. RlA 11:372-375. Sommerfeld 2008 - W. Sommerfeld. Große Zahlen in den altakkadischen Königsinschriften. AoF 35:220-237.

Sommerfeld 2010 - W. Sommerfeld. Prä-Akkadisch. Die Vorläufer der "Sprache von Akkade" in der frühdynastischen Zeit. Language in the Ancient Near East (CRRAI 53 I/1). Winona Lake. Pp. 77-163.

Speiser 1952 - E. A. Speiser. The "Elative" in West-Semitic and Akkadian. JCS 6:81-92.

Starostin 2003 - S. Starostin. Statistical Evaluation of the Lexical Proximity between the Main Linguistic Families of the Old World. Studia Semitica (FS A. Militarev). Moscow. Pp. 464-484.

Starostin 2007 - С. А. Старостин. Определение устойчивости базисной лексики. Труды по языкознанию. Moscow. Pp. 826-839.

Stein 2002a - P. Stein. Zur Morphologie des sabäischen Infinitivs. Or 71:393411.

Stein 2002b - P. Stein. Gibt es Kasus im Sabäischen? Neue Beiträge zur Semitistik. Wiesbaden. Pp. 201-222.

Stein 2003 - P. Stein. Ungersuchungen zur Phonologie und Morphologie des Sabäischen. Rahden.

Stein 2010 - P. Stein. Die altsüdarabischen Minuskelinschriften auf Holzstäbchen aus der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München. Tübingen-Berlin.

Stein 2012 - P. Stein. Ein weiteres arabisches Syntagma in der altsüdarabischen Epigraphik. BuB 6:457-468.

Steiner 1977 - R. Steiner. The Case for Fricative-Laterals in Proto-Semitic. New Haven.

Steiner 2012 - R. Steiner. Vowel Syncope and Syllable Repair Processes in Proto-Semitic Construct Forms: A New Reconstruction Based on the Law of Diminishing Conditioning. Language and Nature. Papers Presented to John Huehnergard on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday. Chicago. 365-390.

Steiner 2003 - G. Steiner. Akkadische Lexeme im Sumerischen. Semitic and Assyriological Studies Presented to Pelio Fronzaroli. Wiesbaden. Pp. 630-647.

Steinkeller 1992 - P. Steinkeller, N. Postgate. Third-Millennium Legal and Administrative Texts in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Winona Lake.

Stempel 1999 - R. Stempel. Abriß einer historischen Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen. Frankfurt.

Stol 1993-1997 - M. Stol. Milch(produkte). A. In Mesopotamien. RlA 8:189201.

Stol 2000 - M. Stol. Birth in Babylonia and the Bible. Its Mediterranean Setting. Groningen.

Stol 2007 - M. Stol. Review of SED I. BiOr 64:332-335.

Streck 1998a - M. P. Streck. Zur Gemiation beim akkadischen Verbum. Or 34:223-531.

Streck 1998b - M. P. Streck. The Tense System in the Sumerian-Akkadian Linguistic Area. ASJ 20:181-199.

Streck 1999 - M. P. Streck. Hammurabi oder Hammurapi? ArOr 67:655-669. Streck 2000 - M. P. Streck. Das amurritsche Onomastikon der altbabylonischen Zeit. Münster.

Streck 2002 - M. P. Streck. Die Nominalformen maPRaS(t), maPRäS und ma PRiS(t) im Akkadischen. Neue Beiträge zur Semitistik. Wiesbaden. Pp. 223-257.

Streck 2005 - M. P. Streck. Simply a Seller, Nothing but Gods. The Nominal Suffix -an in Old Babylonian. Memoriae Igor M. Diakonoff. Winona Lake. Pp. 233-243.

Streck 2006 - M. P. Streck. Sibilants in the Old Babylonian Texts of Hammurapi and of the Governors in QaWunän. The Akkadian Language in Its Semitic Context. Leiden. Pp. 215-251.

Streck 2010 - M. P. Streck. Innovations in the Neo-Babylonian Lexicon.

Language in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Vol. 1. Winona Lake. Pp. 647-660.

Swiggers 1980 - P. Swiggers. A Note on the Phonology of Old Akkadian. OLP 11:5-9.

Takäcs 2008 - G. Takäcs. Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. Volume Three. m-. Leiden-Boston.

Testen 1985 - D. Testen. The Significance of Aramaic r < *n. JNES 44:143-6.

Testen 1992a - D. Testen. A trace of Barth's Preradical *i in Akkadian. JNES 51:131-134.

Testen 1992b - D. Testen. The Loss of the Person-Marker t- in Jibbali and Socotri. BSOAS 55:445-450.

Testen 1993a - D. Testen. On the Development of the Energic Suffixes. Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics V. Papers from the Fifth Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics. Amsterdam-Philadelphia. Pp. 293-311.

Testen 1993b - D. Testen. The East Semitic Precative Paradigm. JSS 38:1-13.

Testen 1994 - D. Testen. The I-w Verbal Class and the Reconstruction of the Early Semitic Preradical Vocalism. JAOS 114:426-434.

Testen 1997-1998 - D. Testen. Morphological Observations on the Stems of the Semitic "Nota accusativi." AfO 44-45:215-221.

Testen 1998a - D. Testen. Modern South Arabian "Nine." BSOAS 61:314-317.

Testen 1998b - D. Testen. Parallels in Semitic Linguistics. Leiden-Boston-Köln.

Testen 1999 - D. Testen. Arabic Evidence for the Formation of the Verbal Noun of the Semitic GT-Stem. JSS 44:1-16.

Testen 2000 - D. Testen. Conjugating the "Prefixed Stative" Verbs of Akkadian. JNES 59:81-92.

Testen 2003 - D. Testen. Cognates to the Akkadian Preposition ana in Ethiopia and South Arabia. Selected Comparative-Historical Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff. München. Pp. 241-255.

Tezel 2003 - A. Tezel. Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (aNrMyo) Lexicon. Uppsala.

Thomas 1937 - B. Thomas. Four Strange Tongues from Central South Arabia. PBA 23:231-331.

Thureau-Dangin 1912 - F. Thureau-Dangin. Une relation de la huitième campagne de Sargon. Paris.

Tomback 1978 - R. Tomback. A Comparative Semitic Lexicon of the Phoenician and Punic Languages. Missoula.

Tonietti 1997 - M. V. Tonietti. Il sistema preposizionale nei tre testi del rituale di ARET XI: analogie e divergenze. QuSem 19:73-109.

Tonietti 2005 - M. V. Tonietti. Le système prépositionnel de l'éblaïte. QuSem 25:315-332.

Torczyner 1916 - H. Torczyner. Review of F. Buhl. Gesenius Hebräisches und Aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das alte Testament (Leipzig, 1915). ZDMG 70:555-562.

Torczyner 1919 - H. Torczyner. Die Entstehung des semitischen Sprachtypus. Wien.

Tosco 2000 - M. Tosco. Is There an "Ethiopian Language Area"? Anthropological Linguistics 42:329-365.

Tropper 1990 - J. Tropper. Der ugaritische Kausativstamm und die Kausativbildungen des Semitischen. Münster.

Tropper 1993a - J. Tropper. Die Inschriften von Zincirli. Münster.

Tropper 1993b - J. Tropper. Morphologische Besonderheiten des Spätugaritischen. UF 25:389-394.

Tropper 1994 - J. Tropper. Is Ugaritic a Canaanite Language? Ugarit and the Bible. Münster. Pp. 343-353.

Tropper 1995a - J. Tropper. Die sieben Frauen des Königs Keret. UF 27:529532.

Tropper 1995b - J. Tropper. Akkadisch nu\\utu und die Repräsentation des Phonems /J/ im Akkadischen. ZA 85:58-66.

Tropper 1995c - J. Tropper. Die semitische "Suffixkonjugation" im Wandel. Vom Alten Orient zum Alten Testament: Festschrift für Wolfram Freiherrn von Soden. Neukirchen-Vluyn. Pp. 491-516.

Tropper 1996 - J. Tropper. Auch Götter haben Angst. AuOr 14:136-139.

Tropper 1997a - J. Tropper. Beiträge zur ugaritischen Lexikographie. UF 29:661-668.

Tropper 1997b - J. Tropper. Subvarianten und Funktionen der sabäischen Präfixkonjugation. Or 66:34-57.

Tropper 1997c - J. Tropper. Ventiv oder yaqtula-Volitiv in den Amarnabriefen aus Syrien-Palästina? Ana sadî Labnäni lü allik. Beiträge zu altorientalischen und mittelmeerischen Kulturen. Festschrift Wolfgang Röllig. Neukirchen-Vluyn. Pp. 397-405.

Tropper 1999 - J. Tropper. Die Endungen der semitischen Suffixkonjugation und der Absolutivkasus. JSS 44:175-193.

Tropper 2000 - J. Tropper. Ugaritische Grammatik. Münster.

Tropper 2001a - J. Tropper. Die Herausbildung des bestimmten Artikels im Semitischen. JSS 46:1-31.

Tropper 2001b - J. Tropper. Themen der ugaritischen Grammatik in der Diskussion. UF 33:621-639.

Tropper 2003 - J. Tropper. Kanaanäische Lehnwörter im Ugaritischen. UF 35:663-671.

Tropper-Hayajneh 2003 - J. Tropper, H. Hayajneh. El, der scharfsinnige und verständige Gott. Or 72:159-182.

Tropper-Vita 2005 - J. Tropper, J.-P. Vita. Der Energikus an Jussiven im Kanaano-Akkadischen der Amarna-Periode. Or 74:57-64.

Tropper-Verreet 1988 - J. Tropper, E. Verreet. Ugaritisch ndy, hdy, ndd und d(w)d. UF 20:339-350.

Ullendorff 1961 - E. Ullendorff. Comparative Semitics. Linguistica semitica: presente efuturo. Roma. Pp. 13-32.

Ungnad 1905 - A. Ungnad. Die gegenseitigen Beziehungen der Verbalformen im Grundstamm des semitischen Verbs. ZDMG 59:766-768.

Vanoni 2004a - G. Vanoni. sîm. TDOT 14:89-112.

Vanoni 2004b - G. Vanoni. sî-. TDOT 14:646-659.

van Soldt 1991 - W. van Soldt. Studies in the Akkadian of Ugarit. Dating and Grammar. Neukirchen-Vluyn.

van Sodlt 1997 - W. van Soldt. Amarna upsu = Ugaritic "ps, "boundary stone." NABU 1997/90.

van Soldt 2005 - W. van Soldt. The Topography of the City-State of Ugarit. Münster.

Veenhof 1986 - K. Veenhof. Two Akkadian Auxiliary Verbs. Scripta Signa Vocis: Studies about Scripts, Scriptures, Scribes and Languages in the Near East, presented to J. H. Hospers. Groningen. Pp. 235-250.

Veenhof 2010 - K. Veenhof. Kültepe tabletleri V. Ankara.

Vergote 1945 - J. Vergote. Phonétique historique de Végyptien. Louvain. Vita 2003 - J.-P. Vita. La protohistoria de la lengua fenicia. De la tablilla a la inteligencia artificial (FS J.-L. Cunchillos). Vol. I. Zaragoza. Pp. 395-410.

Voigt 1987a - R. Voigt. The Classification of Central Semitic. JSS 32:1-22. Voigt 1987b - R. Voigt. The Two Prefix-conjugations in East Cushitic, East Semitic, and Chadic. BSOAS 50:330-345.

Voigt 1988 - R. Voigt. Die infirmen Verbaltypen des Arabischen und das Biradikalismus-Problem. Wiesbaden-Stuttgart.

Voigt 1990 - R. Voigt. The Gemination of the Present-Imperfect Forms in Old Ethiopic. JSS 35:1-18.

Voigt 1994 - R. Voigt. Neusüdarabisch und Äthiopisch. Arabia Felix. Beiträge zur Sprache und Kultur des vorislamischen Arabien. Festschrift Walter W. Müller zum 60. Geburtstag. Wiesbaden. Pp. 291-307.

Voigt 1995 - R. Voigt. Akkadisch summa 'wenn' und die Konditionalpartikeln des Westsemitischen. Vom Alten Orient zum Alten Testament. Festschrift für W. Freiherr von Soden zum 85. Geburtstag. Neukirchen-Vluyn. Pp. 516-528.

Voigt 1998a - R. Voigt. 'Fuss' (und 'Hand') im Äthiopischen, Syroarabischen und Hebräischen. ZAH 11:191-199.

Voigt 1998b - R. Voigt. Der Artikel im Semitischen. JSS 43:221-258. Voigt 1999 - R. Voigt. Die Präpositionen im Semitischen. Über Morphologiesierungsprozesse im Semitischen. Tradition and Innovation. Norm and Deviation in Arabic and Semitic Linguistics. Wiesbaden. Pp. 22-43.

Voigt 2002-2003 - R. Voigt. Die beiden Suffixkonjugationen des Semitischen (und Ägyptischen). ZAH 15-16:138-165.

Voigt 2004 - R. Voigt. Der Wegfall der Personalelemente in den Präfixkonjugationenen des Semitischen. Studia Aethiopica In Honour of Siegbert Uhlig on Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Wiesbaden. Pp. 345-354.

von Maltzan 1871 - H. von Maltzan. Über den Dialect von Mahra, genannt Méhri, in Südarabien. ZDMG 25:196-214.

von Maltzan 1873 - H. von Maltzan. Dialektische Studien über das Mehri im Vergleich mit verwandten Mundarten. ZDMG 27:225-294.

von Soden 1952 - W. von Soden. Unregelmässige Verben im Akkadischen. ZA 50:162-181.

von Soden 1961 - W. von Soden. Die Zahlen 20—90 im Semitischen und der Status absolutus. WZKM 57:24-28.

von Soden 1969 - W. von Soden. Zur Herkunft von hebr. ebjôn "arm." MIO 15:322-326.

von Soden 1983 - W. von Soden. Zu den semitischen und akkadischen Kardinalzahlen und ihrer Konstruktion. ZA 73:82-91.

von Soden 1991 - W. von Soden. Tempus und Modus im älteren Semitischen.

Babylonien und Israel. Historische, religiöse und sprachliche Beziehungen. Darmstadt. Pp. 463-493.

von Soden 1995 - W. von Soden. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik. Roma. von Soden-Röllig 1991 - W. von Soden, W. Röllig. Das akkadische Syllabar.

Roma.

Wagner 1952 - E. Wagner. Die erste Person Dualis im Semitischen. ZDMG 102:229-233.

Wagner 1953 - E. Wagner. Syntax der Mehri-Sprache, unter Berücksichtigung auch der anderen neusüdarabischen Sprachen. Berlin.

Wagner 1959 - E. Wagner. Der Dialekt von "Abd-el-KNrL. Anthropos 54:475-486.

Wagner 1993 - E. Wagner. Gedanken zum Verb des Mehri aufgrund der neuen Materialien von Johnstone. ZAL 25:316-339.

Wagner 2002 - E.-M. Wagner. Zahl und Gezähltes im Sabäischen. Neue Beiträge zur Semitistik. Wiesbaden. Pp. 259-279.

Wagner 1966 - M. Wagner. Die lexikalischen und grammatikalischen Aramaismen im alttestamentlichen Hebräisch. Berlin.

Wallace 1988 - C. Wallace. Broken and Double Plural Formations in the Hebrew Bible. Ph. D. dissertation, New York University.

Waltisberg 2002 - M. Waltisberg. Zur Ergativhypothese im Semitischen. ZDMG 152:11-62.

Waschke 2006 - E.-J. Waschke. t3munä. TDOT 15:687-690.

Watson 2012 - J. Watson. The Structure of Mehri. Wiesbaden.

Watson 1999 - W. Watson. Non-Semitic Words in the Ugaritic Lexicon (4). UF 31:785-799.

Watson 2002 - W. Watson. Terms for "rain" in Ugaritic. Ex Mesopotamia et Syria Lux (FS M. Dietrich). Münster. Pp. 795-801.

Watson 2006 - W. Watson. Non-Semitic Words in the Ugaritic Lexicon (6). UF 38:717-728.

Watson 2007 - W. Watson. Lexical Studies in Ugaritic. Sabadell.

Weeden 2009 - M. Weeden. The Akkadian Words for "Grain" and the God Naya. WdO 39:77-107.

Weippert 1974 - M. Weippert. AD.DA.A.NI in den Briefen des Abduheba von Jerusalem an den Pharao. UF 6:415-419.

Wellstedt 1840 - J. Wellstedt. Travels to the City of the Caliphs. London.

Weninger 2011a - St. Weninger. Reconstructive Morphology. The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook. Berlin-New York. Pp. 151-178.

Weninger 2011b - St. Weninger. Ethio-Semitic in General. The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook. Berlin-New York. Pp. 1114-1123.

Westermann 1985 - C. Westermann. Genesis 12-36. A Commentary. Minneaopolis.

Whiting 1987 - R. Whiting. Old Babylonian Letters from Tell Asmar. Chicago.

Wilcke 1985 - C. Wilcke. Familiengründung im Alten Babylonien. Geschlechtsreife und Legitimation zur Zeugnung. Freiburg-München. Pp. 213-317.

Wilson-Wright 2014 - A. Wilson-Wright. The Word for 'One' in Proto-Semitic. JSS 59:1-3.

Woodhouse 2003 - R. Woodhouse. The Biblical Shibboleth Story in the Light of Late Egyptian Perceptions of Semitic Sibilants: Reconciling Divergent Views. JAOS 123:271-289.

Wright 1974 - W. Wright. A Grammar of the Arabic Language. I-II. Beirut.

Yahuda 1903 - A. Yahuda. Hapax Legomena im Alten Testament. JQR 15:698547

Yushmanov 1930 - N. Yushmanov. Данные Fresnel'a о южно-арабском наречии эхкили. Записки коллегии востоковедов 5:379-391.

Zaborski 1971 - A. Zaborski. Biconsonantal Verbal Roots in Semitic. Prace Jqzykoznawcze 35:51-98.

Zaborski 1991 - A. Zaborski. The Position of Arabic within the Semitic Dialect Continuum. Proceedings of the Colloquium on Arabic Grammar. Budapest. Pp. 365-375.

Zaborski 1994 - A. Zaborski. Arcaismi ed innovazioni nei ponomi personali del sudarabico moderno. Sem Cam Iafet. Atti della 7a Giornata di Sudi Camito-Semitici e Indoeuropei (Milano, 1° giugno 1993). Milano. Pp. 251-262.

Zadok 1993 - R. Zadok. On the Amorite Material from Mesopotamia. The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo. Bethesda. Pp. 315-333.

Zewi 1999 - T. Zewi. A Syntactical Study of Verbal Forms Affixed by -n(n) Endings in Classical Arabic, Biblical Hebrew, El-Amarna Akkadian and Ugaritic. Münster.

Zimmern 1898 - H. Zimmern. Vergleichende Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen.

Berlin.

Zobel 1997 - H.-J. Zobel. mätär; gesem; zerem. TDOT 8:250-265. Zobel 1998 - H.-J. Zobel. mispäpä. TDOT 8:79-85.

Zolyomi 2011 - G. Zolyomi. Akkadian and Sumerian Language Contact. The

Semitic Languages. An International Handbook. Berlin-New York. Pp. 396-404.

Abbreviations of lexicographic and grammatical tools

AED: T. L. Kane. Amharic-English Dictionary. Wiesbaden, 1990.

AHw.: W. von Soden. Akkadisches Handwcyrterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1965-1981.

BDB: F. Brown, S. R. Driver, Ch. A. Briggs. A Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old

Testament. Oxford, 1906.

Behnstedt: P. Behnstedt. Die nordjemenitischen Dialekte (Glossar). Wiesbaden 1992-2006.

BH: E. Badawi, M. Hinds. A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. Beirut, 1986.

BK: A. de Biberstein Kazimirski. Dictionnaire arabe-français. Paris, 1860.

Biella: J. C. Biella. Dictionary of Old South Arabic, Sabaean Dialect. Chico, 1982.

CAD: The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute, the University of Chicago. Chicago,

1956-2010.

CDA: J. Black, A. George, N. Postgate. A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Wiesbaden. CDG: W. Leslau. Comparative Dictionary of Ge'ez (Classical Ethiopic). Wiesbaden, 1987. DJBA: M. Sokoloff. A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. Ramat-Gan, 2002. DJPA: M. Sokoloff. A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic. Ramat-Gan, 2002. DNWSI: J. Hoftijzer, K. Jongeling. Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Leiden, 1995.

Dozy: R. Dozy. Supplément au dictionnaires arabes. Leiden, 1881. DCH: D. Clines. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield, 1993-2011. DRS: D. Cohen. Dictionnaire des racines sémitiques. La Haye, 1976-. DSA: A. Tal. A Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic. Leiden, 2000.

DUL: G. del Olmo Lete, J.Sanmartin. A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Leiden, 2003.

EDG: W. Leslau. Etymological Dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). Vol. III. Wiesbaden, 1979.

EDH: W. Leslau. Etymological Dictionary of Harari. Berkeley, 1963.

Friedrich: J. Friedrich. Hethitisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, 1952.

GAG: W. von Soden. Grundriß der akkadischen Grammatik. Roma, 1995.

GD: C. de Landberg. Glossaire da-inois. Leiden, 1920-1942.

GNMD: G. Bergsträsser. Glossar des neuaramäischen Dialekts von MalNla. Leipzig, 1921. GVG: C. Brockelmann. Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen. Bd. 1. Berlin, 1908.

HALOT: L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, J. J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of

the Old Testament. Leiden, 1994-2000.

HL: T. M. Johnstone. Narsusi Lexicon. Oxford, 1977.

HSED: V. Orel, O. Stolbova. Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Leiden, 1995.

Jastrow: M. Jastrow. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and

the Midrashic Literature. New York, 1996.

JL: T. M. Johnstone. JibbJli Lexicon. Oxford, 1981.

LA: Ibn Man I ür. LisJnu l-"arab. Bayrüt, 1990.

Lane: E. W. Lane. Arabic-English Lexicon. London, 1867.

Laroche E. Laroche. Glossaire de la langue hourrite. Paris, 1980.

LIQ: S. D. Ricks. Lexicon of Inscriptional Qatabanian. Roma, 1989.

LLA: A. Dillmann. Lexicon linguae aethiopicae. Leipzig, 1865.

LM: M. Arbach. Le ma'Jbien: lexique, onomastique et grammaire d'une langue de l'Arabie méridionale préislamique. T. 1. Lexique mJ'Jbien. Aix-en-Provence, 1993. LS: W. Leslau. Lexique Soqotri (Sudarabique moderne) avec comparaisons et explications étymologiques. Paris, 1938.

LSyr.: C. Brockelmann. Lexicon Syriacum. Halle, 1928.

MD: E. S. Drower, R. Macuch. A Mandaic Dictionary. Oxford, 1963.

ML: T. M. Johnstone. Mehri Lexicon. London, 1987.

Piamenta: M. Piamenta. Dictionary of Post-Classical Yemeni Arabic. Leiden, 1990. PS: R. Payne Smith. Thesaurus syriacus. Oxford, 1879-1901.

PSD: The Sumerian Dictionary of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1984-.

Rhodokanakis: N. Rhodokanakis. Der vulgärarabische Dialekt in Dofâr. II. Einleitung, Glossar und Grammatik. Wien, 1911.

Reinhardt: C. Reinhardt. Ein arabischer Dialekt gesprochen in "Oman und Zanzibar. Stuttgart, 1894.

Schulthess: F. Schulthess. Lexicon syropalaestinum. Berlin, 1903.

SD: A. F. L. Beeston, M. A. Ghul, W. W. Müller, J. Ryckmans. Sabaic Dictionary (English-French-Arabic). Louvain-la-Neuve, 1982.

SED I: A. Militarev, L. Kogan. Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Vol. 1. Anatomy of Man and Animals. Münster, 2000.

SED II: A. Militarev, L. Kogan. Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Vol. 2. Animal Names. Münster, 2005.

SL: M. Sokoloff. A Syriac Lexicon. Winona Lake, 2009. TA: az-Zabïdï. TJj al-"ams. Kuwayt, 1965-2001.

TDOT: Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. I-XV. Grand Rapids, 1974-2006. TED: T. L. Kane. Tigrinya-English Dictionary. Springfield, 2000. Wb.: A. Erman, H. Grapow. Ägyptisches Handwörterbuch. Berlin, 1921. Wehr: A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Wiesbaden, 1979.

WH: A. Walde, J. Hoffmann. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, 1938. WKAS: M. Ullmann. Wörterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache. Wiesbaden, 1957-. WTS: E. Littmann, M. Höfner. Wörterbuch der Tigre-Sprache. Wiesbaden, 1956. WUS: J. Aistleitner. Wörterbuch der ugaritischen Sprache. Berlin, 1963.