Расчетно-теоретическое исследование аэродинамической устойчивости вертикально-осевой ветротурбины в условиях обледенения тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 00.00.00, кандидат наук Ду Ян

• Ду Ян
• кандидат наук
• 2025

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Ду Ян

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Nomenclature

General description of the work

Chapter 1: Current Status of the Research Topic

1.1 Research background

1.2 Research progress of wind power generation

1.3 Research on wind turbine icing issues

1.3.1 Mechanism of wind turbine icing

1.3.2 Influence of icing on wind turbine aerodynamic performance

1.3.3 Influence of icing on wind turbine stability

1.3.4 Research on wind turbine ice detection and anti-/de-icing

1.4 Research content and technical route

1.4.1 Research content

1.4.2 Technical route

Chapter 2: Basic theory and research methods of vertical axis wind turbines under icing conditions

2.1 Operational principle of vertical axis wind turbines

2.2 Basic theory of icing on vertical axis wind turbines

2.3 Calculation method of aerodynamic stability of vertical axis wind turbine

under icing conditions

2.3.1 Airflow field calculation

2.3.2 Water droplet impact calculation

2.3.3 Icing calculation

2.3.4 Vibration calculation

2.4 Conclusion for chapter

Chapter 3: Aerodynamic performance of static airfoil of vertical axis wind turbines under icing conditions

3.1 Problem Description

3.2 Numerical method

3.2.1 Computational domain meshing

3.2.2 Mesh independence test

3.3 CFD Model Validation

3.3.1 Validation of the airflow field

3.3.2 Validation of droplet collection efficiency

3.3.3 Validation of ice accretion

3.4 Aerodynamic performance analysis of the clean and icing airfoils

3.4.1 Analysis of lift and drag coefficients for clean airfoils

3.4.2 Analysis of droplet collection efficiency

3.4.3 Analysis of ice shapes

3.4.4 Analysis of lift-to-drag coefficient ratios for ice airfoils

3.4.5 Analysis of pressure coefficients and flow fields before and after icing

3.5 Conclusion for chapter

Chapter 4: Aerodynamic performance of rotating vertical axis wind turbines under icing conditions

4.1 Problem Description

4.2 Numerical method

4.2.1 Computational domain meshing

4.2.2 Mesh independence test

4.3 CFD Model Validation

4.3.1 Validation of the airflow field

4.3.3 Validation of ice accretion

4.4 Aerodynamic performance analyses of the icing and clean VAWT

4.4.1 Power coefficient analysis for VAWT

4.4.2 Torque coefficient analysis for VAWT

4.4.5 Pressure coefficient and airflow field analysis for VAWT

4.5 Conclusion for chapter

Chapter 5: Dynamic performance analysis of rotating vertical axis wind turbines under icing conditions

5.1 Problem Description

5.2 Numerical method

5.2.1 Computational domain meshing

5.2.2 Mesh independence test

5.3 CFD Model Validation

5.3.1 Validation of the airflow field

5.3.2 Validation of ice accretion

5.4 Aerodynamic and dynamic performance analysis of the clean and icing VAWT

5.4.1 Power coefficient analysis

5.4.2 Analysis of ice shapes

5.4.3 Pressure contours analysis

5.4.4 Modal analysis

5.4.5 Harmonic response analysis

5.5 Conclusion for chapter

General Conclusion

Reference

List of Figures

Figure 1 Proportion of wind and renewable energies in the global energy [9]

Figure 2 Wind turbine schematic diagram

Figure 3 Examples of ice accretion on wind turbine blades [36-37]

Figure 4 The variation of wind turbine output power with icing time

Figure 5 The main technical route of this study

Figure 6 Aerodynamic forces of the airfoil

Figure 7 Vector diagram of airfoil motion

Figure 8 Variation of AoA (a) with azimuth angle (0) at various TSRs

Figure 9 Formation process of glaze ice and rime ice [127]

Figure 10 Wind turbine model and computational domain

Figure 11 Mesh structure of the computational domain

Figure 12 Lift-to-drag coefficient ratio at different number of cells

Figure 13 Comparison of the pressure coefficient of NACA0012 airfoil

Figure 14 Validations of droplet collection efficiency

Figure 15 Comparison of ice shapes

Figure 16 Variation of lift and drag coefficients of the clean airfoils with AoA

Figure 17 Variation in droplet collection efficiency at different AoA

Figure 18 Growth trend of the ice shapes on the airfoil surface

Figure 19 Comparison of the ice shapes at different AoA

Figure 20 Variation in the lift-to-drag coefficient ratio before and after icing

Figure 21 Pressure coefficient on the airfoil's surface

Figure 22 Velocity contour and streamline near the leading edge

Figure 23 Wind turbine model and computational domain

Figure 24 Ice accretion process for the rotating VAWT blade

Figure 25 Ice shapes at various azimuthal increments

Figure 26 Computational domain

Figure 27 Mesh structure of the computational domain

Figure 28 Power coefficient under different number of mesh

Figure 29 Comparison of power coefficient between CFD numerical simulation

and experimental value

Figure 30 Comparison of the ice accretion shapes on the VAWT blade surface

Figure 31 Comparison of power coefficients at different TSRs [71]

Figure 32 Variation of torque coefficients with azimuth angle (0) during one

complete rotation [71]

Figure 33 Pressure coefficient at the middle section of one blade during one

complete rotation

Figure 34 Instantaneous contours of vorticity magnitude at the middle section

during one rotation

Figure 35 Wind turbine model

Figure 36 Prediction process for the ice accretion shape on the VAWT blade

Figure 37 Computational domain

Figure 38 Mesh structure of the computational domain

Figure 39 Power coefficient under different number of mesh cells

Figure 40 Comparison of power coefficient between CFD numerical simulation

and experimental value

Figure 41 Comparison of ice shape on the blade surface

Figure 42 Comparison of power coefficients at various TSRs

Figure 43 Comparison of ice shapes on the VAWT blade surface under different

icing conditions

Figure 44 Pressure contours around the blade at different azimuth angles

Figure 45 The first six vibration frequencies of the VAWT blades under different

icing conditions

Figure 46 The first six mode shapes of the blade

Figure 47 Relationship curves between deformation and frequency at the trailing

edge of the blade

Figure 48 Blade vibration response under forced vibration

List of Tables

Table 1 Quantitative analysis results of droplet collection efficiency

Table 2 Description of the azimuthal increments

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Расчетно-теоретическое исследование аэродинамической устойчивости вертикально-осевой ветротурбины в условиях обледенения»

General description of the work

The relevance of the research topic.

The rapid development of the wind energy sector has revealed several problems related to the operation of wind turbines. Particular attention should be paid to the phenomenon of wind turbine blade icing, which cannot be ignored. Most countries with developed wind energy, located in cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere, experience a period of low temperatures. Icing on wind turbine blades leads to significant changes in the geometry of the aerodynamic airfoil geometry, negatively affecting the aerodynamic performance of the unit. Moreover, icing influences the load distribution along the blade, which, in turn, affects the structural integrity and fatigue life of the wind turbine, significantly increasing safety risks. Therefore, the study of wind turbines under icing conditions is a relevant research topic.

The degree of the research development on the topic:

Currently, there is a significant amount of literature studying the operational characteristics of wind turbines operating under special conditions. Primarily, the contributions of N. E. Zhukovsky in the field of aerodynamics have had a profound influence on the design and optimization of wind turbines. In the 1930s, the Soviet Union commissioned the world's largest wind turbines. In the first half of the 20th century, the Soviet Union was one of the leaders in wind energy. N. E. Zhukovsky, together with V. P. Vetchinkin and Albert Betz, laid the theoretical foundations of wind energy, explaining the basic principles and operating modes of wind power stations. In 1914, V. P. Vetchinkin first developed the theory of the ideal wind turbine. The Zhukovsky-Betz limit demonstrates that the maximum theoretical efficiency of a wind turbine in converting wind energy is 0.593. Later, Soviet scientists G. Kh. Sabinin and Academician G. F. Proskura continued developing similar theories and showed that the maximum wind energy utilization factor for an ideal rotor reaches 0.687. In Russia, many leading scientists have contributed to the field of wind energy, including: P. P. Bezrukikh, S. M. Voronin, S. V. Gribkov, V. V. Elistratov, S. I. Los', V. Ya. Modorskii, G. V. Nikitenko, E. V. Nikolaev, E. V. Solomin, E. M. Fateev, V. P. Kharitonov, and

many others. Among foreign scholars, various approaches to optimizing wind turbine performance have been studied by Henrik Stiesdal (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark), Rebecca Barthelmie (Cornell University, USA), Athanasios J. Kolios (University of Strathclyde, UK), Joachim Peinke (University of Oldenburg, Germany), Arindam Banerjee (Lehigh University, USA), Zhang Minmin (Harbin Institute of Technology, China), Huang Diangui (Shanghai University of Science and Technology, China), and others. However, most of these studies primarily focus on improving wind energy utilization efficiency, particularly in the fields of aerodynamics, energy conversion, etc.

The existing literature has relatively few studies on the aerodynamic stability of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) under icing conditions. Therefore, this research focuses on investigating the effects of icing climatic conditions on VAWTs.

The purpose of the research:

Develop a research methodology for assessing the aerodynamic stability of VAWTs operating under icing conditions.

To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were set:

1. Develop a geometric model of symmetric blades for use in VAWTs.

2. Analyze the patterns of changes in aerodynamic characteristics of static blades under icing conditions at different angles of attack.

3. Construct a geometric model of H-type VAWTs based on symmetric blades. Study the patterns of changes in aerodynamic characteristics of VAWTs before and after icing, considering their rotational motion.

4. Analyze the effect of icing on the dynamic stability of VAWT blades under rotational motion.

The object of the research:

Vertical axis wind turbines operating under icing conditions.

The subject of the research:

Aerodynamic characteristics and internal airflow states of VAWTs under icing conditions, as well as the assessment of structural stability of iced blades.

The methodology and methods of the research:

In solving the research tasks, the fundamentals of aerodynamic theory, wind energy, ice physics, and mathematical statistics were applied. For numerical calculations, the widely recognized international ANSYS software suite was used, including the Fluent, ICEM CFD, CFD-Post, FENSAP-ICE, and Workbench modules.

The main provisions of the dissertation submitted for defense:

1. Calculation results of changes in aerodynamic parameters of a symmetrical blade for VAWTs under icing conditions and at various angles of attack (AoA), including the lift coefficient ( Ct), drag coefficient ( Q), droplet collection efficiency, ice accretion shape, pressure coefficient, and velocity contour.

2. Calculation results of changes in aerodynamic parameters of VAWT blades before and after icing at the optimal tip speed ratio (TSR), accounting for rotational motion, including the power coefficient ( Cp), torque coefficient ( CT), ice accretion shape, pressure coefficient, and instantaneous vorticity contour.

3. Calculation results of changes in the dynamic stability of VAWT blades under various icing conditions, accounting for rotational motion, including the pressure contour, vibration frequency, mode shape, deformation response, and stress response.

The scientific novelty of the dissertation research:

1. For the first time, a method is proposed to compare the impact zones of water droplets and icing areas on the upper and lower surfaces of a blade during numerical simulation of static airfoil of blade icing for VAWTs in the ANSYS software package.

2. For the first time, the quasi-steady approximation method is applied, and a numerical simulation scheme with varying azimuthal angle increments is developed to model the icing process on rotating blades of VAWTs.

3. For the first time, various icing modes of blade surfaces are studied under different icing conditions to compare the vibration characteristics of VAWTs.

4. A method is proposed to determine the maximum displacement of an iced blade based on a comparative analysis of its displacements along three degrees of freedom.

The theoretical and practical significance of the research:

The aerodynamic stability of VAWTs under icing conditions is theoretically

investigated.

A practical study of icing patterns contributes to the modernization of VAWTs installed in cold climate zones and provides recommendations for organizing anti-icing measures for wind turbines.

The validity and reliability of the research results:

1. The scientific findings of the research are based on classical principles of renewable energy theory and ideal wind turbine theory.

2. The reliability of the numerical simulation method was verified by comparing the results of multiple numerical calculations with previously published experimental data from other researchers, obtained in a wind tunnel.

The personal contribution of the author:

1. The author developed a geometric model for symmetrical aerodynamic blades, applicable to VAWTs. A comparison was made of ice accretion features on static blades under different icing conditions and various angles of attack. The change law of aerodynamic parameters of static blades before and after icing at the optimal angle of attack was determined.

2. A geometric model of an H-type VAWT was constructed. An analysis of blade surface icing characteristics during rotation was performed based on a theoretical model. The changes in aerodynamic parameters of a rotating VAWT before and after icing at the optimal tip speed ratio were determined.

3. A comparison was made of ice layer patterns on the blade surface of a rotating VAWT under different icing conditions. The vibration characteristics of blades with different ice shapes were analyzed using modal analysis and harmonic response analysis methods.

4. A method for determining the maximum displacement of an iced blade was proposed, based on a comparative analysis of its displacements along three degrees of freedom.

The approbation of the work:

The research results were presented and discussed at the following international scientific conferences:

1. All-Russian Conference, "International Youth Danilovsky Energy Forum: All-Russian Student Olympiad with International Participation (Final Stage) in Energy and Resource Efficiency, Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources. Nuclear Power", Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia, 12-16 December 2022.

2. International Conference, "The XIX International Scientific Technical Conference", Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia, 23-25 May 2023.

3. All-Russian Conference, "International Youth Danilovsky Energy Forum: All-Russian Student Olympiad with International Participation (Final Stage) in Energy and Resource Efficiency, Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources. Nuclear Power", Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia, 2-6 December 2024.

4. International Conference, "The 10th International Symposium on Safety and Economics of Hydrogen Transport - WCAEE-IFSSEHT-2025", Budva, Montenegro (hybrid format with Zoom participation), 2-4 July 2025.

5. International Seminar, "Innovation-Driven China-Central Asia and South Asia High-Quality Investment and Financing Cooperation in Renewable Energy", GHub, CCETP, CAREC, WRI, Beijing, China, 22 July 2025.

Publications:

On the topic of the dissertation, 15 scientific papers have been published, including 5 published in peer-reviewed scientific journals determined by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation and the Ural Federal University Attestation Council, 4 of which in publications indexed in the international citation databases WoS and Scopus.

The structure and scope of the dissertation:

The dissertation consists of an introduction, 5 chapters, a conclusion, a reference of 203 sources. In total, the dissertation comprises 149 pages, 48 figures, and 2 tables.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Другие cпециальности», Ду Ян

General Conclusion

The present works investigate the aerodynamic stability of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) under icing conditions.

Based on the results obtained from the theoretical analysis, experimental validation, and numerical simulation calculation, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. For vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs), static blades are mainly affected by droplets and ice accretion near the leading edge. As the angle of attack (AoA) increases from 3° to 15°, the range of ice accretion on the upper surface remains limited to no more than 6.4% of the chord length, while on the lower surface, it is limited to 18.3% of the chord length.

2. After 30 minutes of icing at a liquid water content (LWC) of 2.32 g/m3, the lift-to-drag ratio of the iced blade decreases by more than 30% compared to the clean blade, reducing the efficiency of the VAWT.

3. The difference in pressure coefficients between the clean and iced blades is mostly concentrated near the leading edge. The concave geometry caused by ice accretion creates a low-velocity zone, leading to oscillations in the pressure coefficient curve and a decrease in VAWT efficiency.

4. At the tip speed ratio (TSR) of 1, the power coefficient of the iced VAWT decreases by more than 38% compared to the clean VAWT, indicating the need for anti-icing measures.

5. The thickness of ice layer on the VAWT blade surface is positively correlated with both icing time and LWC. Additionally, as the thickness of ice layer increases, the maximum pressure experienced by the blade surface also rises, further necessitating anti-icing measures.

6. Ice accretion has the most significant impact on the blade's first-mode vibration frequency, reducing it by 13.37%. For higher modes, the vibration frequency reduction does not exceed 10%.

7. The maximum blade deformation due to icing occurs in the direction

perpendicular to the chord and is calculated in ANSYS as 0.1832 mm. The largest stress occurs at the connection between the blade and the support arm, reaching a maximum value of 71.05 MPa, which is significantly below the yield limit of the composite material of the blade.

Prospects for further research and recommendations

1. In cold climates, wind turbine blades inevitably experience ice accretion. Therefore, future research should focus on developing effective solutions to remove or reduce ice accretion on VAWT blades. Potential strategies include spraying superhydrophobic coatings to the blade surface, installing heating elements within the blades, and utilizing ultrasonic guided waves to remove ice accretion.

2. Future research should investigate changes in the aerodynamic performance of VAWT blades before and after icing under different conditions, such as varying flow velocities, ambient temperatures, and median volume droplet diameter (MVD).

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