Синтез полиоксиэтиленовых блоксополимеров и исследование их агрегатообразования тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 02.00.06, кандидат химических наук Ильин, Виктор Владимирович

• Ильин, Виктор Владимирович
• кандидат химических наук
• 2007

Оглавление диссертации кандидат химических наук Ильин, Виктор Владимирович

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЙ ОБЗОР

I. Микрофазовое разделение в блоксополимерах

1.1. Теория микрофазового разделения

1.2. Морфология и методы изучения микрофазового разделения 8 II. Ассоциация в растворах блоксополимеров

11.1. Механизмы ассоциации

11.2. Термодинамика мицеллообразования (закрытая ассоциация) 12 И.З. Мицеллообразование АВА-блоксополимеров в растворителе, селективном для центрального блока

III. Общие принципы синтеза блоксополимеров

111.1. Методы живущей полимеризации

111.2. Поликонденсация в синтезе блоксополимеров

111.3. Сочетания различных методов 32 IV. Практическая значимость блоксополимеров 37 IV. 1. Блоксополимеры, как переносчики лекарств в организме 37 IV.2. Блоксополимеры в нанотехнологии

ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ

I. Объекты исследования

1.1. Обоснование выбора объектов исследования

1.2. Стратегия синтеза

1.3. Используемые сокращения 45 II. Синтез объектов исследования

11.1. Синтез низкомолекулярных веществ

11.2. Синтез блоксополимеров 47 III. Исследование агрегатобразоования

111.1. Динамическое рассеяние света

111.2. Статическое рассеяние света

111.3. Вискозиметрия

111.4. Электронная микроскопия

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ЧАСТЬ

Подготовка реагентов

Методы исследований

Синтез низкомолекулярных соединений

Синтез производных полиэтиленгликолей

ВЫВОДЫ

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Синтез полиоксиэтиленовых блоксополимеров и исследование их агрегатообразования»

Нековалентные взаимодействия имеют большое значение в природе. Водородные связи, силы Ван-дер-Ваальса и электростатические взаимодействия часто определяют структуру молекул и влияют на макроскопические свойства веществ, особенно в случае высокомолекулярных соединений. Взаимодействия могут быть как внутримолекулярными, так и межмолекулярными, например: а-спираль молекулы белка, вторичная структура целлюлозы, двойная спираль ДНК. Кроме того, нековалентные взаимодействия часто определяют структуру частиц, формирующихся при растворении вещества в растворителе. Типичным примером самоупорядочивания в растворе служит явление мицеллообразования.

Повышенный интерес к полиоксиэтиленовым блоксополимерам возник в 80-ых гг. прошлого века. Он связан с возможностью солюбилизации гидрофобных соединений в водных растворах коммерческих неионогенных ПАВ. В наибольшей степени исследованы так называемые плюроники, то есть блоксополимеры на основе полиоксИ-этилена и полиоксипропилена. Эффект солюбилизации основан на мицеллообразо-вании, при котором ядра мицелл состоят, например, из полиоксипропиленовых блоков. Они могут служить наноконтейнерами для нерастворимых низкомолекулярных веществ и применяться для целевой доставки лекарственных препаратов в организме. Гидрофильность и отсутствие токсичности полиоксиэтилена дают возможность использовать полиоксиэтиленовые блоки макромолекул в качестве коронообразую-щих. Кроме того, амфифильность полиоксиэтилена открыла новые возможности использования блоксополимеров на его основе в нанотехнологии.

Одна из важнейших задач при синтезе блоксополимеров заключается в минимизации молекулярно-массового распределения (ММР) блоков. Широкое ММР лишает экспериментальные результаты по блоксополимерам чёткости и воспроизводимости. Последние достижения методов живущей полимеризации позволяют получать блоксополимеры с узким ММР. Однако в большинстве случаев живущая полимеризация оказывается трудоёмким процессом, и условия синтеза требуют строго контроля. Новые подходы к получению блоксополимеров могут быть направлены на уменьшение трудоёмкости процесса синтеза.

ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЙ ОБЗОР

Блоксополимеры известны более 40 лет. По определению [1] блоксополимеры— это линейные полимеры, макромолекулы которых построены из крупных химически однородных отрезков (блоков). Полимеры этого типа представляют значительный научный и практический интерес, так как позволяют соединить в одном полимерном материале свойства двух или более гомополимеров. Часто в блоксополи-мерах рождается новое качество, не свойственное ни одному из гомополимеров (эффект синергизма).

Смеси гомополимеров в большинстве случаев обнаруживают макрофазовое разделение (особенно при больших значениях молекулярных масс). Подобное явление сильно ограничивает возможности использования полимерных материалов. Синтез блоксополимеров позволяет преодолеть эту трудность. Выделяют 3 типа блоксо-полимеров: диблоксополимеры (АВ), триблоксополимеры (ABA или ABC) и мульти-блоксополимеры (-[АВ]П-). Ди- и триблоксополимеры обычно получают методами живущей полимеризации, мультиблоксополимеры — поликонденсацией. Преимущество живущей полимеризации заключается в узком молекулярно-массовом распределении (ММР) целевых продуктов. Поликонденсация, несмотря на широкое ММР полимеров, позволяет значительно расширить круг мономеров.

Характерной особенностью блоксополимеров является склонность к микрофазовому разделению [2-4]. Она наблюдается в тех случаях, когда блоки, составляющие макромолекулу, оказываются термодинамически несовместимыми. Ковалентная связь между блоками препятствует фазовому разделению на макроскопическом уровне. Вследствие этого в расплаве блоксополимера формируются наноструктуры. Основными методами исследования микрофазового разделения являются: светорассеяние, рассеяние нейтронов, рентгеновское рассеяние, электронная и атомно-сило-вая микроскопия, дифференциальная сканирующая калориметрия и др.

Большой интерес представляют жидкокристаллические блоксополимеры [5-7]. В таких блоксополимерах происходит наложение упорядоченности, связанной с формированием мезофазы, с упорядоченностью, вызванной микрофазовым разделением. Для каждого блоксополимера при изменении температуры может быть несколько структурных переходов, обусловленных: 1) плавлением блоков, 2) фазовыми переходами жидкокристаллических блоков, 3) разупорядочиванием блоковых микродоменов.

Растворы блоксополимеров, как и расплавы, проявляют тенденцию к самоорганизации [8-11]. Если растворитель оказывается селективным (растворитель для одного блока, но осадитель для другого), то молекулы блоксополимера обратимо ассоциируют в таком растворителе с формированием мицелл. Склонность к мицеллооб-разованию определяется степенью несовместимости не между блоками (как в случае микрофазового разделения), а между блоком и растворителем. Часто такая несовместимость проявляется уже у предельно коротких блоков, длина которых недостаточна для микрофазового разделения.

I. МИКРОФАЗОВОЕ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЕ В БЛОКСОПОЛИМЕРАХ.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Высокомолекулярные соединения», Ильин, Виктор Владимирович

выводы

1. Разработанный метод низкотемпературной акцепторной поликонденсации полиэтиленгликоля и ди(4-хлоркарбонилфенил)оксалата даёт возможность получать триблоксополимеры, способные к агрегатообразованию в воде и в хлороформе.

2. ВАВ-блоксополимеры, макромолекулы которых содержат полиоксиэтиленовый центральный блок и лэрэ-ароматические концевые блоки, в среде воды и хлороформа формируют частицы с гидродинамическим радиусом, соответствующим мицеллам и межмицеллярным кластерам.

3. По результатам просвечивающей электронной микроскопии морфология частиц в воде не зависит от молекулярной структуры триблоксополимеров, если молекулярная масса полиоксиэтиленового блока варьируется в интервале от 1000 до 4000, а размер лара-ароматического блока соответствует одному или двум звеньям лара-гидроксибензойной кислоты.

4. Ассоциация триблоксополимеров в воде осуществляется по открытому механизму. В хлороформе реализуется закрытый механизм. При переходе от воды к хлороформу гидродинамический радиус агрегатов увеличивается, сами агрегаты становятся менее плотными.

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