The African direction of Brazil's foreign policy 2003–2023 (the case of Guinea-Bissau) / Африканское направление внешней политики Бразилии в 2003–2023 гг. (на примере Гвинеи-Бисау) тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 00.00.00, кандидат наук Джу Орлинду

• Джу Орлинду
• кандидат наук
• 2025

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Джу Орлинду

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE AFRICAN VECTOR IN BRAZIL'S FOREIGN POLICY

1.1. The main stages of Brazil's African policy

1.2. Dynamics of Brazil's political and trade relations with African countries: from Lula da Silva's "Preferential Policy" to a sharp decline under J. Bolsonaro

1.3. Brazil's investment policy in African countries (2003-2023)

CHAPTER 2. "DIPLOMACY OF SOLIDARITY AND CONCERN" TOWARDS AFRICAN COUNTRIES (2003-2023)

2.1. Brazil's role in the formation of conceptual foundations of SSC with African countries

2.2. The Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC) activity in Africa

2.3. SSC between Brazil and African countries in the development of education, healthcare and agriculture

CHAPTER 3. GUINEA-BISSAU IN BRAZIL'S AFRICAN POLICY

3.1. Brazil's Role in Stabilizing the Political Situation in Guinea-Bissau and Peacekeeping Mission

3.2. Brazil and Guinea-Bissau bilateral technical cooperation

3.3. Guinea-Bissau within the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries and IBSA- Fond

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES AND LITERATURE

ANNEXES

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «The African direction of Brazil's foreign policy 2003–2023 (the case of Guinea-Bissau) / Африканское направление внешней политики Бразилии в 2003–2023 гг. (на примере Гвинеи-Бисау)»

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the study. Brazil's foreign policy has undergone major changes since the coming to power of President Lula da Silva, the leader of the Workers' Party, in 2003, and within the framework of the strategy of "autonomy through diversification", along with the growth of influence on the world stage, the country began strengthening relations with African countries both at the bilateral and interregional levels.

The African vector has been present in Brazil's policy since independence, but the intensity of these ties varied depending on the economic and political interests of the country, and identifying the stages of this policy is relevant in scientific terms. After getting the independence (1822) Brazil had rare trade with some African territories, but looked at the development of political situation there. Brazil supported the desire of the colonies for independence at the UN, but justified Portuguese colonialism and spoke of its civilizing mission. In the 1960-1970s, Brazil, in need of energy resources, focused on relations with Nigeria and racist South Africa and had intensive trade with these rich in oil countries. As soon as the former Portuguese colonies got the independence, Brazil changed its foreign policy priorities, focused on the development of comprehensive ties with these young states, participated in peacekeeping operations, expanded trade and economic relations. Brazil chose relations with African countries and began to condemn the racist policies of South Africa, and only after the fall of the racist regime, Brazil restores relations with South Africa.

The President's Lula da Silva "diplomacy of solidarity and concern" led to an

unprecedented expansion of political and economic relations with almost all African

countries, which was reflected in the growth of trade turnover, investment

cooperation assistance in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in

Africa, and the expansion of Brazil's global projection. In subsequent years, under

President J. Bolsonaro, the African vector lost its attractiveness for Brazil, which

was reflected in trade ties, a decrease in investment activity of Brazilian

4

corporations. In this regard, it seems relevant to study the general aspects of Brazil's political and economic ties with African countries.

It seems important to study Brazil's approaches to understanding conceptual bases of South-South Cooperation (SSC) and its practical realization in promoting development along the South-South line, in technical cooperation with African countries.

Seems relevant the specific implementation of proven methods in SSC in one of the poorest countries in Africa - the former Portuguese colony of Guinea-Bissau, whose very existence is closely linked to international humanitarian aid and development assistance. At the international level, Brazil has been actively involved in resolving the political confrontation and stabilizing the political situation in this country, and then provides technical assistance in development both bilaterally and through the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP). The intensification of the activities of other extra-regional actors, such as China, India, the European Union, the United States, Japan, Spain and Portugal in Africa and specifically in Guinea-Bissau, makes this study relevant, since it raises the question of both Brazil's interests in this small African country and the assessment of the effectiveness of Brazilian development assistance. The need for a scientific understanding of the results of development assistance along the South-South line, identifying effective methods of horizontal technical cooperation and their difference from official development assistance (ODA) promoted by developed countries will make it possible to make a comparison using the example of one specific country - Guinea-Bissau and its relations with Brazil, which undoubtedly increases the relevance of this work.

Literature review. To work on the chosen topic, the author involved a significant number of studies in Portuguese, Spanish, English and Russian. In accordance with the specifics of the topic under consideration, the scientific literature was divided into several thematic groups.

The first group consists of works devoted to various aspects of Brazil's foreign policy. Here we highlight the works of Martynov B.F. Yakovlev P.P. 2, Dabagyan E.S. 3, Davydov V.M. 4, where the main principles of Brazil's foreign policy are identified, foreign policy priorities under different presidents, achievements and problems are revealed, and some results are summed up. The study of their country's foreign policy attracts great attention of Brazilian researchers, which is reflected in the publication of a number of monographs. Prominent Brazilian researchers Amado Cervo and Clodoraldo Bueno 5, Cavalcante Fernando 6, Barreto F. De Mello 7, Paulo Roberto de Almeida 8, Antonio Lessa and Henrique Oliveira 9 arrange the entire two-hundred-year foreign policy of their country in chronological order, paying attention to the personal factor in its formation. In the work "Two Centuries of the History of

1 Мартынов Б. Ф. Бразилия - гигант в глобализирующемся мире. М.: Наука, 2008. 320 с. Мартынов Б.Ф., Борзова А.Ю. История внешней политики и дипломатии Бразилии. М., 2021. АСПЕКТ-ПРЕСС, 238 с.

2 Яковлев П. П. Бразилия на пути к статусу глобальной державы (военно-промышленный ракурс): URL: http://www.perspektivy.info/oykumena/politika/brazilija_na_puti_k_statusu_globalnoj_derzhavy _vojenno-promyshlennyj_rakurs_2013-12-24.htm (дата обращения: 12.09.2024).

3 Дабагян Э.С. Бразилия на мировой арене //Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2012. №3. С. 59-67.

4 Давыдов В. M. Бразилия: смена приоритетов в новом политическом цикле. М.: ИЛА РАН, 2019. 146 с.

5 Cervo, Amado Luis. Historia da politica exterior do Brasil./ Amado Luis Cervo, Clodoaldo Bueno.- 3 ed. 2reimpressario - Brasilia: Editora Universidade de Brasilia, 2010. 560 p.

6 Cavalcante, Fernando. Os reflexos da paz liberal na abordagem das Na9oes Unidas á consolidado da paz na Guiné-Bissau. Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociais. 102, 2013.

7 Barreto, Fernando de Mello. A política externa após a redemocratiza9ao / Fernando de Mello Barreto. — Brasilia: Funag, 2012. 2 t.; Conteúdo: t. 1. Política externa (1985-2002). — t. 2. Política externa (2003-2010). Inclui bibliografía e índice onomástico. URL: http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/949A_Politica_Externa_ap0s_a_redemocratiza9ao_TOMO_I. pdf A_Politica_Externa_ap0s_a_redemocratiza9ao_TOMO_n.pdf. ^ccessed: 21.06.2023).

8 Almeida, Paulo Roberto. Os primeiros anos do século XXI: o Brasil e as rela9oes internacionais contemporáneas, 2002, Sao Paulo, Paz e Terra.; Almeida, Paulo Roberto. A política internacional do Partido dos Trabalhadores: da funda9ao do partido á diplomacia do governo Lula. // Sociologia e Política (Curitiba: UFPR); 2003. n° 20. P. p. 87-102; URL: http://www.scielo.br/rsocp // www.pralmeida.org/docs/1009PolExtPT.pdf)(аccessed: 21.06.2023).

9 Lessa, Antonio C. (Org.); Oliveira, Henrique A. (Org.). Rela9oes Internacionais do Brasil: Temas e Agendas - Volume 2. 1. ed. Sao Paulo: Saraiva, 2006. V 1. 491 p.; Lessa, Antonio C. (Org.); Oliveira, Henrique A. (Org.). Rela9oes Internacionais do Brasil: Temas e Agendas . 1. ed. Sao Paulo: Saraiva, 2006. V. 1. 356 p.

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Itamaraty)", Castro Flavio Mendes de Oliveira 10 studied the formation and development of this structure, its influence on the development of the country and on the formation of foreign policy. The diversification of Brazil's foreign policy under Lula da Silva, the intensification of activities in the UN, the formation of new associations (IBSA, BRICS) was examined in a collective monograph edited by Baer V. and Love J. 11, in publications of the former Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs Celso Amorim12, Brands S.13, Burges S.14, Guimaraes S.15, Vigewani Tullo and Sepaluni Gabriel 16, Monica Hirst and others17.

The dramatic change in Brazil's foreign policy priorities with the change of the ruling party, the achievements and failures of President J. Bolsonaro were

10 Castro, Flávio Mendes de Oliveira. Dois séculos de história da organiza9äo do Itamaraty (18082008) / Flávio Mendes de Oliveira Castro, Francisco Mendes de Oliveira Castro. - Brasilia : Funda9äo Alexandre de Gusmäo, 2009. V. 2 332p. Conteúdo: v. 1: 1808-1979 v. 2: 1979-2008. URL: http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/561-1808-2008_-_Itamaraty_Dois_Seculos_de_Historia_Vol._2.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

11 Baer, Werner, and Love Joseph (eds.), Brazil under Lula: Economy, Politics, and Society under the Worker-President. - New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. 326 p. URL: http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/brazil-under-lula-joseph-l-love/?K=9780230608160 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

12 Amorim C. Brazilian Foreign Policy under President Lula. (2003-2010): an overview. // Rev. Bras. Polit. Int. 53 (special edition): 2010. P. 214-240; Amorim. Celso. A diplomacia multilateral. / Segunda Conferencia Nacional de Politica Externa y politica Internacional. Brasilia.2007.

13 Brands, H. Dilemmas of Brazil Grand Strategy. URL: http://www.strategicstudies-institute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1017 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

14 Burges, Sean W. "Strategies and Tactics for Global Change: Democratic Brazil in Comparative Perspective. //Global Society 26, 2012. n. 3. P. 351-368; Burges, Sean W. Brazil as a bridge between old and new powers? URL: http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/ia/archive/view/191391 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

15 Guimaraes, Samuel Pinheiro. Desafios brasileiros na era dos gigantes. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto, 2005.

16 Vigevani, Tullo; Cepaluni, Gabriel. A política externa de Lula da Silva: a estratégia da autonomia pela diversifica9äo. //Contexto Internacional. Rio de Janeiro. 2007. V.2. n.2. P.273-335

17 Hirst, Monica; Soares de Lima, Maria Regina; Pinheiro, Leticia. A política externa brasileira em tempos de novos horizontes e desafíos. //Nueva Sociedad, 2010.P.22-41; Stolle Paixäo. Foreign Policy in Lula's Brazil. //Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations. 2022. N. 1(2). P. 201-224. URL: https://doi.org/10.22456/2238-6912.32661 (accessed: 21.06.2023). Soares de Lima. A dialética da política externa de Lula 3.0. //CEBRI-Revista: Brazilian Journal of International Affairs. 2023. N 5. P.79-95. URL: https://cebri-revista.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/104 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

covered in the studies of a number of scientists: Okuneva L.S.18, Bezerra M.19, Lessa A.20, Paolo R. De Almeida21, Caballero S., Cardoso D.22, Doctor M.23, Milani S. and others 24. Authors such as Pesekilo S. 25, Soares de Lima 26, Francisco F.T. 27 show that the departure from the country's traditional principles and focus on the United States led to a decrease in Brazil's authority on the world stage, a sharp reduction in ties with African countries.

18 Okuneva L.S. The Modern Face of Right-Wing Populism in Brazil. //Cuadernos Iberoamericanos. 2022. N10 (1). P. 27-37. Окунева Л. С. Президентские выборы 2022 г. в Бразилии: от «бури и натиска» Болсонару к трудному триумфу Лулы // Латинская Америка 2022. Выпуск № 12. C. 6-26.

19 Безерра M. Дипломатия Жаира Болсонару: демонтаж традиционной бразильской внешней политики// Ибероамериканские тетради. 2020. Т. 8. № 3(29). С. 35-42.

20 Lessa, Antonio Carlos; Cervo, Amado L. O declínio: inserto internacional do Brasil (20112014). //Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (Impresso). 2014. V. 57. 121 р.

21 Almeida, Paulo Roberto. Nunca Antes na Diplomacia...:a política externa brasileira em tempos nao convencionais. /Paolo Roberto de Almeida. -1-ed.- Curitiba, 2014. 289 p.

22 Caballero, S., Crescentino, D. From the quest for autonomy to the dual break: structural and agential changes in Brazil's foreign policy during the 21st century. //Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. 2020. N63. P-1-20. Cardoso, D. Política Externa do Governo Bolsonaro: Continuidade e Ruptura. //Conjuntura Internacional. 2020. 1(12). P. 121-140.

23 Doctor, M. Brazil's Strategic Diplomacy Failures and Foreign Policy Underachievement under Bolsonaro. //Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. 2023. 66 (1).

24 Milani, C., Pinheiro, L., Lima, M. Brazil's foreign policy and the 'graduation dilemma'. //International Affairs, Oxford. 2017. vV 93. n. 3. P. 585-605.

Milani, C., Ives, D. A política externa brasileira a partir de 2023: a necessidade de uma frente ampla nacional, regional e internacional. //CEBRI-Revista: Brazilian Journal of International Affairs, 2023. (5), 2023. P.127-146. URL: https://cebri-revista.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/106 Accessed: 21.06.2023).

Casaroes, G., Barros Leal Farias, D. Brazilian foreign policy under Jair Bolsonaro: far-right populism and the rejection of the liberal international order. //Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 2021. ; Silva, A. De Dilma a Bolsonaro: as transforma9oes matriciais na política externa brasileira. Interacción Sino-Iberoamericana. 2022. V. 2. N. 1. Р. 1-26. URL: www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/sai-2022-0007/html. . Accessed: 21.06.2023). Barros Leal Farias, D. Brazilian foreign policy under Jair Bolsonaro: far-right populism and the rejection of the liberal international order. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 35(5), 2022. P.741-761.

25 Pecequilo, C. Brazilian foreign policy: from the combined to the unbalanced axis (2003/2021). //Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. 2021. V. 64, n. 1.

26 Soares de Lima. A dialética da política externa de Lula 3.0. //CEBRI-Revista: Brazilian Journal of International Affairs. 2023. (5), 2023. P.79-95.URL: https://cebri-revista.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/104 Accessed: 25.06.2023).

27 Francisco, Flávio Thales Ribeiro, et. al. O realinhamento brasileiro e o fim da África estratégica. IN: /As bases da política externa bolsonarista: redoes internacionais em um mundo em transforma9ao, Santo André, EdUFABC. 2021. P. 183-197.

The second group includes works that examine the African vector of Brazil's foreign policy. Here it is worth noting the publication of Arkhangelskaya A.A.28, Borzova A.Yu.29, a number of collective monographs of the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which contain an analysis of Brazil's relations with Africa30 and the problems of this country's relations, primarily with South Africa31.

Brazilian researcher Saraiva J.F.S. 32 examines the dynamics of changes in relations between Brazil and Africa, studies the directions of the revival of the "Atlantic policy" and its results. Along with the expansion of Brazil's diplomatic presence in Africa under President Lula, the strengthening of political ties and interaction on the platforms of international organizations, the growth of trade and investment, as the authors note, Brazil began to develop SSC, based on the principles of the Bandung Declaration33. And these aspects were covered in works that study Brazil's approaches to the problem of development assistance, South-South cooperation and assistance in achieving the SDGs in African countries. Here it is necessary to pay attention to the collective monograph devoted to Brazil's

28 Архангельская А.А. Бразилия в Африке: история, политика, экономика // Латинская Америка. 2013. № 11. C. 68-83.

29 Борзова А. Ю. Бразилия-Африка-пример высокоэффективного и перспективного сотрудничества. // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2013. № 9. С.30-37; Борзова А. Ю. Роль Бразильского Агентства по сотрудничеству в содействии развитию по линии Юг-Юг. // Латинская Америка. 2015. № 5. С. 27-38.

30 Африка в условиях формирования полицентричного мира. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2020. 360 с.

Новые партнеры Африки: влияние на рост и развитие стран континента. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2016. 218 с.

31 Африканские страны в современных международных отношениях: новые рубежи. М.: ИАфр РАН, 2017. 264 с. Африка в поисках источников мира и развития: Ежегодник - 2013. М.: Изд-во РУДН, 2013. 282 с.

32 Saraiva, José Flávio Sombra. África parceira do Brasil atlántico: Redoes internacionais do Brasil e da África no inicio do século XXI. Belo Horizonte: Fino Tra9o Editora, 2012. 168 p. ; Saraiva, José Flávio Sombra. The new Africa and Brazil in the Lula era: the rebirth of Brazilian Atlantic Policy. //Rev. bras. polit. int. Dec 2010. V.53, no.spesial. P. 169-182.

33 Saraiva, Miriam Gomes. As estratégias de coopera9ao Sul-Sul nos marcos da política externa brasileira de 1993 a 2007. // Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. 2007. V. 50, no. 2. P. 42-59. URL: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbpi/v50n2/ a04v50n2.pdf>. Saraiva, M. G., & Albuquerque, F. L. ¿Como mudar uma política externa? //CEBRI-Revista: Brazilian Journal of International Affairs. 2022. (1). P.148-166. URL: https://cebri-revista.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/10 Accessed: 21.08.2023).

participation in development assistance 34, the works of Cabral L. and Weinstock J. 35, Albuquerque F.L. 36, publications of Monica Hirst 37, Berndt P.P. 38, Davernay P.F. 39, Costa V. and Aiki I. 40, Almeida L. B. 41, Iglesias Puente and Alfonso C. 42, where examples of Brazil's development assistance to African countries, the methods of technical cooperation and its results are studied. However, most of the works cover the period of Brazil's active policy in this region, and the last decade has remained unstudied, although it was precisely during these years that a serious adjustment of Brazil's African policy took place.

The third group includes studies devoted to the problems of Guinea-Bissau and the development of relations between Brazil and this state. In the Russian

34 Monasterio, L.M., Neri, M.C. e Soares, S. S.D. (orgs.). Brasil em desenvolvimento 2014: estado, planejamento e políticas públicas. Brasilia: Ipea. 2014. URL: https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/3287/2/Livro_Brasil%20em%20desenvolvimento _2014_Estado%20planejamento%20e%20políticas0/o20públicas_v.0/o202.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

35 Cabral L. and Weinstock J. Brazilian technical cooperation for development: drivers, mechanics and future prospects. Report for ABC and DFID.2010, London: Overseas Development Institute. URL: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/ odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6137.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

36 Albuquerque. Felipe Leal. Developing Powers in Multilateral Regimes: Brazil's Foreign Policy in the Climate Change and Peace and Security Regimes. //International Negotiation. 2018. V.23. P. 423-445. URL:https://doi.org/10.1163/15718069-23031142 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

37 Hirst, Monica. Aspectos conceituais e práticos da atua9ao do Brasil em CSS: os casos de Haiti, Bolivia e Guiné-Bissau. Texto para Discussao, No. 168. ,Rio de Janeiro: Ipea, 2012. 50 p. Electronic resource. URL:https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/handle/11058/1065 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

38 Berndt, Priscila Pimont. A coopera9ao técnica internacional como instrumento da política externa brasileira: o Brasil como doador junto aos países africanos. 2009. Monografía. — Faculdade de Ciencias Económicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. URL:http://www.lume. ufrgs.br/handle/10183/21484> (accessed: 21.06.2024).

39 Dauvergne, Peter, Farias, Déborah BL. The Rise of Brazil as a Global Development Power //Third World Quarterly 2012. 33. No. 5. P. 903-917. URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2012.674704 (accessed: 21.06.2024).

40 Costa Vaz and Aoki Inoue. Emerging donors in international development: The Brazil case. International Development Research Center. Partnership and Business Development Division. 2007. URL: http://www.idrc.ca/ uploads/user-S/12447281201 case of Brazil.pdf (accessed: 15.06.2023).

41 Almeida, Luiza Brasileiro de. Os Efeitos dos Acordos de Coopera9ao Sul-Sul Sobre os Indicadores de Desenvolvimento Socioeconómico no Brasil. Universidade Federal de Lavras -MG. 2015.

42 Iglesias Puente, Carlos Alfonso. A coopera9ao técnica horizontal brasileira como instrumento de política externa: a evolu9ao da coopera9ao técnica com países em desenvolvimento - CTPD-no período 1995- 2005. Brasilia: FUNAG, 2010. 340 p.

Federation (USSR), interest in Guinea-Bissau was primarily associated with the struggle for independence and the activities of Amilcar Cabral43, but later a few studies touched upon the problem of interaction between FAO and the World Bank and Guinea-Bissau 44, issues related to drug trafficking 45, and problems of electoral processes in this country 46.

Of great importance for this dissertation are the works of Professor Carlos Cardoso, researcher and Director General of the Amilcar Cabral Center for Social Research (Centro de Estudos Sociais Amilcar Cabral, CESAC), in Guinea-Bissau, who in 2021 became President of the International Association of Social Sciences and Humanities of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (AILP-CSH, Associaçâo Internacional de Ciencias Sociais e Humanas em Lingua Portuguesa). His works 47 are used by scientists in studying the problems of this country in the education system, the issue of political stability, the role of Brazil in promoting the development of Guinea-Bissau. As shown by the studies of Brazilian and Guinean

43 Республика Гвинея-Бисау Справочник// АН СССР, Институт Африки. М.: Наука, 1990. 150 с.

44 Жаров А. Н., Иванильдо В. Африканский банк развития и Гвинея-Бисау. // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2010. №4. C. 72-75.

45 Турьинская Х. Государственный переворот в Гвинее-Бисау // РСМД. 8.08.2012. [Электронный ресурс). URL: http://russiancouncil.ru/inner/?id_4=683#top-content ^ccessed: 21.06.2024).

46 Денисова Т. С., Костелянец С. В. Гвинея-Бисау: политическое лидерство и электоральные процессы // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2020. №4 C. 34-41.

47 Cardoso, Carlos; AugeL, Johannes (Orgs.). Guiné- Bissau Vinte Anos de Independencia. Desenvolvimento e Democracia. Balado e Perspectivas. INEP. Bissau, 1993.

Cardoso, Carlos; Augel, Johannes. Transido democrática na Guiné-Bissau e outros ensaios. Bissau: INEP, Kacu Martel Bissau. 1996. V.10. P.13 -39. Cardoso, Carlos. Pluralismo político na Guiné-Bissau: uma transido em curso. 1996. 164 р.

authors - Cambanco D.F. 48, Bordonaro L. 49, Silva Sierra-Freire and Hage 50, Dialo Mamadou 51, Rui da Silva 52 - scientists associate a significant part of the problems in the country's development with democratization and education, study the role of Brazil, Portugal, Sweden in this process and make a comparison in the works of Quecoi Sani, Marlize Rubin Oliveira, Sané, Samba, Rebou?as da Cruz Ferreira Dos Santos, Milani C.53.

48 Cambanco, Deuinalom Fernando. Relacoes Bilaterais Brasil & Guiné-Bissau no Plano Educacional Durante Governo Lula (2003-2010). Instituto de Humanidades e Letras (Trabalho de Conclusao de Curso). Sao Francisco do Conde, Bahia. Dezembro de 2016. // Crítica de Sociología e Política. 2017. Vol. 8, número 1.URL: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/123195/325649.pdf? sequence=1> (accessed: 21.06.2023).

49 Bordonaro, Lorenco I. Introduction: Guinea-Bissau today - The irrelevance of the state and the permanence of change. //African Studies Review, 2009. №№ 52 (2). P. 35-45. (special issue: GuineaBissau Today)

50 Silva, H. P., Serra-Freire, J. & Hage, S. M. 2014. Guiné Bissau e Brasil, separados por um oceano, unidos pela história. Saúde, educado e meio ambiente, o que lhes reserva o futuro? In:/ Campelo, M.M., de Jesus, R.J. & Amador de Deus, Z. (Orgs.), Entre os Rios e Florestas da Amazonia. Perspectivas, Memórias e Narrativas de Negros em Movimento: Subsidios Para a Lei 10639/03. Belém: UFPA, GEAM, 2014. P. 147-160. ISBN: 9788589171397. URL: https://www.academia.edu/12928992/Guiné_Bissau_e_Brasil_separados_por_um_oceano_uni dos_pela_História_Saúde_educa9ao_e_meio_ambiente_o_que_lhes_reserva_o_futuro (accessed: 21.06.2023).

51 Djaló, Mamadú. Redoes Sul-Sul: a coopera9ao Brasil-Guiné-Bissau na educa9ao superior no período de (1990-2011). 279 f. Tese de (Doutorado). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópoli. URL: https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/123195/325649.pdf? sequence=1>. (accessed: 21.06.2023).

Djaló, Mamadú. Processo de democratiza9ao da Guiné-Bissau (1991-2019).URL:.https://repositorio.unilab.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1829/3/2020_arti_mama dudjalo.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

52 Rui da Silva. Impactos e Efeitos de Programas de Coopera9ao para o Desenvolvimento em Escolas: Um olhar focado sobre o programa de apoio ao sistema educativo da Guiné-Bissau // Cadernos de Estudos Africanos. 2020. 39. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/cea/4826 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

Rui da Silva, Oliveira Joana. 40 years of educational research in Guinea-Bissau: Mapping the terrain International Journal of Educational Development 57 (2017) 21-29. URL: https://www.academia.edu/34669300/40_years_of_educational_research_in_Guinea_Bissau_Ma pping_the_terrain (accessed: 21.06.2023).

53 Sucuma, A. O ensino Superior na Guiné-Bissau: elementos estruturais, conjunturais e suas implica9oes no desenvolvimento das universidades guineenses. 2018. Tese (Doutorado em Servi9o Social) -Universidade Federal de Pernambuco -UFPE. CCSA, Pernambuco, 2018.

Quecoi Sani, Marlize Rubin Oliveira . Educa9ao superior e desenvolvimento na GUINÉ-BISSAU. Contribui9oes, Limites e desafios.// REVISTA PEDAGÓGICA. 2014. V.16. N.33. URL: https://www.academia.edu/54551754/Educa9ao_superior_e_desenvolvimento_na_Guiné_Bissau _contribui 9oes_li mites_e_desafios

Thus, the dissertation's author studied a large array of works, which allowed him to conclude that the topic is relevant, but there is no complete, comprehensive study on the African vector of Brazil's foreign policy from 2003 to 2023, when major changes occurred in this direction. The policy of promoting the development of Guinea-Bissau within the framework of Brazil's African vector has also not received sufficient coverage in the scientific literature.

The object of research is the African vector of Brazil's foreign policy in 20032023.

The subject of research is the main directions of Brazil's political, trade and technical horizontal cooperation with African countries, particularly Guinea-Bissau.

The purpose of the dissertation is to identify the features of the interaction between Brazil and Guinea-Bissau within the framework of Brazil's African vector of foreign policy and promoting development along the South-South line.

The tasks of the dissertation research:

— to identify the main stages of the formation of the African vector of Brazil's foreign policy;

— to study the features of political, trade, economic and investment interaction with African countries during the presidency of Lula da Silva and Jair Bolsonaro;

— to evaluate Brazil's role in the formation of conceptual foundations of SSC; — to study the Brazilian Cooperation Agency activity in Africa;

Sané, Samba. Os desafios da educaçâo na Guiné-Bissau. //Revista Temas em Educaçâo. 2018. 27. 55.URL:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326307914_OS_DESAFIOS_DA_EDUCAC AO_NA_GUINE-BISSAU/citation/download (accessed: 21.06.2023).

Siga, Besna & Ferrera de Lima, Jandir. O Programa de Ajustamento Estrutural da Guiné Bissau. //Revista Ciências Sociais em Perspectiva. 2023. N21. P.17-34. 10.48075/revistacsp.v21i41.284. URL:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370492706_0_Programa_de_Ajustamento_Estru tural_da_Guine_Bissau/citation/download https://doi.org/10.48075/revistacsp.v21i41.28445 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

Rebouças da Cruz Ferreira Dos Santos, M. A cooperaçâo sul-sul (css) para a reorientaçâo dos imaginários e práticas do desenvolvimento: os caminhos da cooperaçâo entre Guiné Bissau e Brasil - Brasilia, 2017. 317 p. Tese (Doutorado - em Desenvolvimento, Sociedade e Cooperaçâo Internacional. Milani, Carlos R. S. & Conceiçâo, Francisco & M'Bunde, Timóteo. (2016). Cooperaçâo SUL-SUL em educaçâo e relaçôes BRASIL-PALOP. //Caderno CRH. 2009. N29. 10.9771.URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362673566_COOPERACAO_SUL-SUL_EM_EDUCACAO_E_RELACOES_BRASIL-PALOP (accessed: 21.06.2023).

— to consider the development of SSC between Brazil and African countries;

— to show the features of Brazil's policy towards Portuguese-speaking countries;

— to identify the role of Brazil in organizing the UN peacekeeping mission for political stabilization and consolidation of civil society in Guinea-Bissau;

— to evaluate Brazil's technical assistance in the development of education, health care, strengthening public order and agriculture in Guinea-Bissau.

The chronological framework of the study is determined in accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study and covers the period from 2003 to 2023, where the lower chronological framework is associated with the coming to power Lula da Silva, the leader of the Workers' Party (PT) and the implementation of a policy of "concern and solidarity" within the framework of "autonomy through diversification". The upper limit of the chronological framework is set at 2023, when Lula da Silva replaces President J. Bolsonaro, who radically had changed the country's policy towards Africa.

Sources of Data. The author's goal of the research led to the need to refer to a wide number of sources in Portuguese, English, Russian, have been gathered, analyzed and organized into several groups according to their type: regulatory, administrative, documents of international organizations, journalistic and statistical.

The first group consists of regulatory and legal sources, which include: the Constitution of Brazil 54, which defines the basic principles of the country's foreign policy, and Article 4 notes that "The Federative Republic of Brazil is governed in its international relations", among others, by the principle of "cooperation between peoples for the progress of humanity". The country's foreign policy priorities are covered in such strategic documents as the National Defense Policy 201255, the

54 Constituido Da república federativa do Brasil, de 1988. URL:

http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm. (accessed: 21.12.2024).

55 Política Nacional de Defesa 2012 URL:

https://www.gov.br/defesa/ptbr/arquivos/2012/mes07/pnd.pdf (accessed: 01.03.2024).

National Defense Strategy 200856, the White Paper on the National Defense of Brazil 201257, the White Paper on the National Defense of Brazil 202058.

Brazil pursues an active policy of providing technical assistance to developing countries, and the main document here is the Basic Technical Cooperation Agreement (BTCA) with each country. Between Brazil and Guinea-Bissau, there were signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Trade of May 18, 1978, as well as the Agreement on Technical and Scientific-Technical Cooperation No. 18815 59, which entered into force on August 1, 1979. Within the framework of this agreement, additional documents were signed:

- Additional Information to the Basic Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil for the Implementation of the Project on Knowledge Transfer and Technical Training in Food Security and Agribusiness in Guinea-Bissau" (2007) 60.

- Supplementary information to the Basic Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil for the implementation of the project "Support for the Malaria Control Program in Guinea-Bissau" (2007) 61.

56 Estratégia Nacional de Defesa 2008. URL:

https://www.gov.br/capes/pt-br/centrais-deconteudo/estrategia-nacional-de-defesa-pdf (accessed: 01.03.2024).

57 Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional 2012 (LBDN). URL:

http://www.defesa.gov.br/projetosweb/ livrobranco/lbdndigital/#/0 (accessed: 01.03.2024).

58 Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional 2020. URL: https://www.gov.br/defesa/ptbr/assuntos/copy_of_estado-e-defesaZlivro_branco_congresso_nacional.pdf (accessed: 01.03.2024).

59 Basic agreement on technical and scientific cooperation between the government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. URL:https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201175/volume-1175-I-18815-English.pdf (accessed: 01.03.2024).

60 Ajuste complementar ao acordo básico de cooperado técnica e científica entre o Governo da República da Guine-Bissau e o Governo da República Federativa do Brasil para implementa9ao do projeto transferencia de conhecimento e capacitado técnica para seguraba alimentar e desenvolvimento do agronegócio na Guiné-Bissau" (2007) (Annexes).

61Ajuste complementar ao acordo básico de cooperacao técnica e científica entre o Governo da República da Guiné-Bissau e o Governo da República Federativa do Brasil para implementa9ao

- Additional adjustment to the Basic Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation between the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau for the implementation of the project "Support for the Promotion of Human Rights in the National Education Policy of Guinea-Bissau" (2009) 62.

The group of clerical documents consists of Plans, Programs and Projects of Technical Cooperation, which are presented in the annual reports of the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC) 63 for 2017 64, 2018 65, 2019 66, ABC reports for 30 years 67, Reports of the Brazilian Institute of Economic Research (IPEA) 68, VII Plan

do projeto "Apoio ao programa depreven9ao econtrole da malária na Guiné-Bissau" (2007) (Annexes).

62 Ajuste complementar ao acordo básico de coopera9ao técnica e científica entre o Governo da República Federativa do Brasil e o Governo da República da Guiné-Bissau para implementa9ao do projeto"apoio para promo9ao dosdireitos humanos napolítica nacional de educa9ao de Guiné-Bissau" (2009 r.), (Annexes).

63 IPEA. Coopera9ao Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Internacional: 2005- -2009. Brasilia: IPEA. 2010. URL:http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/Book_Cooperao_Brasileira.pdf> (accessed: 01.03.2024).

64 Relatório anual de actividades do ABC de 2017. URL:http://www.abc.org.br/IMG/pdf/miolosite_1_.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

65 Relatório anual de actividades do ABC de 2018 URL: http://www.abc.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/RAtividades-ABC18.pdf

66 Relatório anual de actividades do ABC de 2019 URL: http://www.abc.org.br/wp-

content/uploads/2020/06/RelatórioAtividades_ABC_2019_FinalBaixaCompleto_WEB_0406202 0.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

67 ABC 30 anos: história e desafíos futuros. / Carlos R. S. Milani. 1a. edi9ao - Brasilia: Agencia Brasileira de Coopera9ao, 2017, 224 p. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316089863_ABC_30_Anos_Historia_e_Desafios_Futu ros (accessed: 21.06.2023).

68Coopera9ao brasileira para o desenvolvimento internacional: levantamento 2014 - 2016 / Instituto de Pesquisa Económica Aplicada; Agencia Brasileira de Coopera9ao. - Brasilia: IPEA: ABC, 2018.315 p.: gráfs.

of the Brazilian corporation EMBRAPA for 2020-2030 69, EMBRAPA annual report on technology transfer for 2022 70, reports of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 71, and Memorandum of Understanding on the Implementation of Political Consultations between the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil (2007) 72, Memorandum on the occasion of the visit of His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, Ambassador Celso Amorim, to Guinea-Bissau, (2009), which sets out the achievements in the implementation of several projects in the field of technical cooperation and outlines future prospects73.

Documents of international organizations should be highlighted in a separate section. Guinea-Bissau is included in the list of least developed countries prepared by the UN, and in its development heavily depends on external aid, development

69 VII Plano Diretor da Embrapa 2020-2030 URL: https://www.embrapa.br/en/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/1126091/vii-plano-diretor-da-embrapa-2020-2030. (accessed: 21.06.2023).

70 Relatório anual de transferencia de tecnología 2022. URL: https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/1155770

71 Brasil, Ministério das Relaçôes Exteriores. Management Report 2020. URL: https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/transparencia-prestacao-contas/relatorio-de-gestao-do-mre

Brasil, Ministério das Relaçôes Exteriores. Management Report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil for the year 2021. URL: https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/transparencia-prestacao-contas/relatorio-de-gestao-do-mre

Brasil, Ministério das Relaçôes Exteriores. Reeleiçâo do Brasil ao Conselho da FAO. 17.06.2021. URL: https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/reeleicao-do-brasil-ao-conselho-da-fao (accessed: 21.06.2023).

72 Memorando de entendimento para o estabelecimento de consultas políticas entre o Governoda República da Guiné-Bissau e o Governo da República Federativa do Brasil (2007 r.) (Annexes).

73 Memorandum por ocasiäo da visita de sua excelência S e n h o r E m b a i x a d o r Celso Amorim. Ministro de Estado das Relaçoes Exteriores do BRASIL (Annexes).

assistance. The OECD 74, together with the World Bank 75, the IMF 76 have prepared a number of reports on the situation in Guinea-Bissau 77. These reports allow us to

74 OECD "Sustainable Financing for Marine Ecosystem Services in Mauritania and GuineaBissau: Country Study", //OECD Environment Policy Papers, 2018. No. 10. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/896ea4e7-en. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/sustainable-financing-for-marine-ecosystem-services-in-mauritania-and-guinea-bissau_896ea4e7-en.html (accessed: 21.06.2023).

OECD. Strategic and operational plan for 2015-2020 - "TERRA RANKA" Executive Summary & Portfolio of Projects. 2020. URL: https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sites/ppp.worldbank.org/files/2022-03/DCD-DAC-RD%282015%2915-RD2.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

AUC/OECD (2024), Africa's Development Dynamics 2024: Skills, Jobs and Productivity, OECD Publishing, Paris. 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/df06c7a4-en.

https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/africa-s-development-dynamics-2024_df06c7a4-en.html

75 Fundo Monetario Internacional (FMI). Relatorio n.° 17/381 sobre Guine Bissau. Dezembro 2017. URL: http://www.imf.org (accessed: 21.06.2023).

76 IMF. Guinea-Bissau Selected Issues. IMF Country Report No. 02/153. July, 2002.

IMF. Guinea-Bissau: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. IMF Country Report No. 07/339. September, 2007; IMF. Guine-Bissau: Segundo Documento de Estrategia Nacional de Redu9ao da Pobreza. Relatorio do FMI No. 11/353. Dezembro, 2011; IMF. Guinea-Bissau. Staff Report for the 2013 Article IV Consultation—Debt Sustainability Analysis. June, 2013; IMF. "GuineaBissau: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 2015 (195): 1. URL: https:/doiorg/10.5089/9781513541518.002 (accessed: 21.06.2023); IMF. Reform of the Fund's Policy on Poverty Reduction Strategies in Fund Engagement with Low-Income Countries — Proposals. Washington, D.C. July 2015a; IMF. Guinea-Bissau Selected Issues. The costs of fragility in Guinea-Bissau: chronic political instability. IMF Country Report No. 15/195. June, 2015b.

77 World Food Programme. "Zero Hunger in Guinea-Bissau - Challenges to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security (2018-2030)." WFP World Food Programme. 2019. URL: https://www.wfp. org/publications/guinea-bissau-strategic-review (accessed: 21.06.2023); World Bank Group. "Guinea-Bissau: Turning Challenges into Opportunities for Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth." World Bank. 2016. URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ handle/10986/24695(accessed: 21.06.2023); World Bank Group. "Worldwide Governance Indicators 2020 Interactive - Interactive Data Access." 2019. URL: https://info.worldbank.org/ governance/wgi/Home/Reports (accessed: 21.06.2023); World Bank Group. 2020a. "GuineaBissau: Power Sector Policy Note." Working Paper. World Bank Group. URL: https://documents.worldbank.org/ en/publication/documents-reports/ documentdetail/603551614958568883/Guinea-Bissau- Power-Sector-Policy-Note (accessed: 21.06.2023); World Bank Group. 2020b. "Guinea-Bissau - Country Economic Memorandum: Escaping the Low-Growth Trap." Report. Washington DC: World Bank Group. URL: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ publication/documents-reports/ document detail/473261604385132681/Guinea-Bissau- Country-Economic-Memorandum-Escaping-the-Low-Growth- Trap (accessed: 21.06.2023); World Bank Group - Guinea Bissau: Unlocking diversification to unleash agriculture growth June 2019 URL: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/341991563831364596/pdf/Guinea-Bissau-ASA-Agriculture-sector-Report.pdf (accessed: 03.08.2023); United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). URL: https://www.unicef.org/ Guinea-Bissau/reports/situation-analysis-childrens-rights- and-well-being-Guinea-Bissau (accessed:21.06.2023).

fully assess the situation in Guinea-Bissau in economic, social terms, the human rights situation78, and the problem of drug trafficking79, which is important for planning foreign aid to this country.

The next group is media sources: inaugural speeches of Presidents Lula da Silva in 200380, 2006, 201081 and 202282, Dilma Rousseff83, Jair Bolsonaro 84, Lula da Silva's speech at the UN General Assembly85, speech by the Brazilian President's

78 UNDP. "Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Guinea- Bissau." United Nations Development Programme.2020. URL: https:// www.greengrowthknowledge.org/research/socio-economic- impact-covid-19-guinea-bissau (accessed: 21.06.2023).

US-HRR. Guinea-Bissau. 2008 Country Report on Human Rights Practices. URL: https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119006.htm (accessed: 21.06.2023).

79 UNODC. Cocaine Trafficking in West Africa: The Threat to Stability and Development (with special reference to Guinea-Bissau) NCJ Number 221-509. URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/west_africa_cocaine_report_2007-12_en.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2024).

UNDP Celebrating Progress and Impact - UNDP Guinea-Bissau Annual Report 2021-2022. URL: https://www.undp.org/guinea-bissau/publications/celebrating-progress-and-impact-undp-guinea-bissau-annual-report-2021 -2022 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

80 Discursos selecionados do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Ministério das Redoes Exteriores: Brasilia, 2003. 01-01-2003-Pronunciamento á na9ao do Presidente da República, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, após a cerimonia de posse. URL: http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/ex-presidentes/luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva/discursos/1o-mandato/pdfs-2003/1o-semestre

Discurso inaugural do Luiz Inácio Lula, 2006 URL: http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/presidencia/ex-presidentes/luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva/discursos/discursos-de-posse/discurso-de-posse-1o-mandato/view. (accessed: 21.06.2023).

81 Discurso do Presidente da República, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, durante solenidade de despedida com servidores do governo e do Palácio do Planalto. URL: URL: http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/ex-presidentes/luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva/discursos/2o-mandato/2010/2o-semestre/31-12-2010-discurso-do-presidente-da-republica-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-durante-solenidade-de-despedida-com-servidores-do-governo-e-do-palacio-do-planalto/view (accessed: 21.06.2024).

82 Discurso inaugural do Luiz Inácio Lula, 2022 URL: http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/presidencia/ex-presidentes/luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva/discursos/discursos-de-posse/discurso-de-posse-1o-mandato. (accessed: 21.06.2023).

83 Discurso inaugural do Dilma Rousseff URL: http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/presidencia/ex-presidentes/dilma-rousseff/discursos/discursos-da-presidenta/declaracao-a-imprensa-da-presidenta-da-republica-dilma-rousseff-brasilia-df. (accessed: 24.06.2023).

84 Discurso inaugural do Jair Bolsonaro URL: https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/acompanhe-o-planalto/discursos/2019/discurso-do-presidente-da-republica-jair-bolsonaro-durante-cerimonia-de-posse-no-congresso-nacional (accessed: 21.06.2023).

85 Discurso do Luiz Inácio Lula da Assembléia Geral da ONU URL: https://www.un.org/ru/ga/58/plenary/brazil.pdf. (accessed: 21.04.2023).

Foreign Policy Advisor Celso Amorim86, speech by President Lula da Silva at the 37th African Union Summit, where he emphasized the need for rapprochement with Africa87.

The statistical sources are the data on the annual trade of Brazil (Ministry of Development and Trade) for 200288, 200989, 201290, 202191, the Statistical Yearbook of Brazil for 201292, 201993, 202294, technical assistance databases of Brazilian Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) for 2019, 2020, 2021 95, UN data on global trade 96.

86 Brazilian presidential advisor speak highly of bilateral strategic cooperation URL: https://english.news.en/20240120/7ac84f1df53e43c6ba7577173d9f426e/c.htmlSpeech by Minister Celso Amorim on the occasion of "Diplomacy and Global Health" - New York, September 27th, 2007. URL: https://www.gov.br/mre/en/content-centers/speeches-articles-and-interviews/minister-of-foreign-affairs/speeches/celso-amorim-2003-2010/discurso-do-ministro-das-relacoes-exteriores-embaixador-celso-amorim-no-evento-diplomacy-and-global-health-nova-york-eua-27-09-2007 (accessed: 21.06.2023).

87 Discurso del Presidente Lula en la apertura de la 37a Cumbre de la Unión Africana. URL: https://www.gov.br/planalto/es/seguir-al-gobierno/discursos-y-

pronunciamientos/2024/02/discurso-del-presidente-lula-en-la-apertura-de-la-37a-cumbre-de-la-union-africana (accessed: 15.04.2023).

88 Comércio exterior brasileiro de 2002. URL: http://www.investexportbrasil.gov.br/sites/default/files/publicacoes/indicadoresEconomicos/Com ExtBrasileiroJAN 2002.pdf (date of access 20.10.24).

89 Comércio exterior brasileiro de 2009.URL:

http://www.investexportbrasil.gov.br/sites/default/files/publicacoes/indicadoresEconomicos/Com ExtB rasil eiroJUN 2009.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

90 Comércio exterior brasileiro de 2013. URL:

http://www.investexportbrasil.gov.br/sites/default/files/publicacoes/indicadoresEconomicos/Com ExtBrasileiroJAN 2012.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

91 Comércio exterior brasileiro de 2021. URL:

http://www.investexportbrasil.gov.br/sites/default/files/publicacoes/indicadoresEconomicos/Com ExtBrasileiroJAN 2021.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

92 Anuário estatístico do Brasil 2012.URL: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/20/aeb_2012.pdf(accessed: 21.06.2023).

93 Anuário estatístico do Brasil 2019.URL: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/20/aeb_2019.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

94 Anuário estatístico do Brasil 2022. URL: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/20/aeb_2022.pdf (accessed: 21.06.2023).

95 Schleicher, Rafael T. (coord.) Relatório Cobradi 2021 : a cooperado educacional e científica brasileira em foco / coordenado: Rafael T. Schleicher. - Brasilia: IPEA, 2024. 251 p.

96 OOH. World's Top Exports Report Card for Products and Countries. URL: // World's Top Export Countries. URL: https://www.worldstopexports.com/worlds-top-exports-products-countries/ (accessed: 21.06.2023).

Thus, the source base considered is extensive and representative. The wide range of sources involved in the study allows the author to solve the tasks and achieve the intended goal.

Research methodology. The study was conducted within the framework of the theory of dependent development developed in Latin America (F.E. Cardoso, S. Furtado, E. Faletto) 97, when the causes of political and economic backwardness of developing countries (Global South), dependent development were considered by researchers of these countries, and not the rich North, which was reflected in their own recommendations for overcoming the gap in the levels of development of the competing center and periphery, since there can be no universal theory for everyone, and "local problems require local solutions"98. In Brazil, the concepts of human development and sustainable development are becoming popular, which largely formed the basis of their own understanding of development assistance as horizontal technical cooperation 99, which largely coincides with the provisions of the theory of "small deeds" 100.

97 Cardoso F., Faletto E. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Berkeley etc.,1979. 227 Р. ; Frank A. Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution. Essays on the Development of Underdevelopment and the Immediate Enemy. New York: Monthly Review Press. 1969. Castells M., Lacerna R. The New Dependency: Technological Change and Socioeconomic Restructuring in Latin America // Sociological Forum. 1989. Vol. 4. Iss. 4. P. 535-560. Furtado, Celso. "Development and Stagnation in Latin America: A Structuralist Approach." Studies in Comparative International Development 1 (1965): 159-175.

Sen A. Development as Freedom. New York: Alfred Knopf. 1999. 384 p.

98 Lengruber V. Dependency Theory: developments and contributions to internationalrelations //Ибероамериканские тетради. Том IX. 2021. Р. 32-49.

99 LIMA, Joâo Brígido B.; CAMPOS, Rodrigo Pires e PEREIRA JÚNIOR, José Romero. (2014). A cooperaçâo brasileira para o desenvolvimento internacional: elementos para reflexâo e prospecçâo de uma política pública em formaçâo. In: Monasterio, L.M., Neri, M.C. e Soares, S. S.D. (orgs.). Brasil em desenvolvimento 2014: estado, planejamento e políticas públicas. Brasilia: Ipea.

OLIVEIRA, G. B. Uma discussao sobre o conceito de desenvolvimento. Revista FAE. 2002. V.5. N. 2. P. 37-48; OLIVEIRA, N. M. Revisitando algumas teorias do desenvolvimento regional. Informe GEPEC. 2021. V. 25. N. 1. P. 203-219; PAULA, L. F. de. Repensando o Desenvolvimentismo. Sao Paulo em Perspectiva. 2006. V. 20. N. 3. P. 47-58.

100 Содействие международному развитию: учебник/ под редакцией Н.В. Галищевой, Л.М. Капицы.Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации. М.: МГИМО- Университет, 2022. С. 15-50.

When conducting the study, the author relied on such principles of scientific knowledge as historicism, scientific reliability and objectivity. The principle of historicism allows us to consider the current state of relations between Brazil and African countries, establish cause-and-effect relationships, identify trends in their development, discover patterns of development, come to appropriate conclusions, and offer forecasts for their further development. The principle of objectivity allows us to consider the history of relations between Brazil and African countries and specifically with Guinea-Bissau, their problems and results from the point of view of objective patterns. In accordance with the principle of reliability, the author relied primarily on sources and proven facts, comprehensively studied each phenomenon, which allowed us to solve the tasks and obtain reasonable conclusions.

Research methods. A number of general scientific and special historical methods were used in this dissertation. General scientific methods included analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction. Special historical methods included historical-comparative, historical-genetic and statistical analysis. The historical-genetic method was used to study the history of the development of the African direction of Brazil's foreign policy, analyzing historical facts, which made it possible to identify objective trends in the development of this country's trade, economic and political interest in Africa. The historical-comparative method allows us to compare phenomena and identify patterns, which made it possible to identify stages in the development of Brazil's African policy, substantiate their qualitative differences, and show changes in the country's SSC policy.

Methods of statistical data analysis made it possible to compare official trade and economic data, volumes of direct investment and volumes of funds allocated for technical cooperation, which made the study more empirically substantiated.

Main provisions submitted for defense.

1. Brazil's relations with African countries have gone through five stages, and

each was determined primarily by the country's trade and economic interests, which,

with the coming to power of President Lula da Silva, were joined by political factors

associated with Brazil's desire to play more important role on the world stage,

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relying on the development of interregional relations (Africa-South America), strengthening PALOP, and the creation of "variable geometry groups" (IBSA, BRICS).

2. "Solidarity diplomacy" was accompanied by the expansion of diplomatic ties, growth in mutual trade, and the arrival of large Brazilian corporations in African countries and the development of South-South Cooperation (SSC). A sharp decline in attention to the African vector under J. Bolsonaro was accompanied by a decrease in trade turnover, reliance on new trading partners, the departure of Brazilian business, and some decrease in the level of SSC.

3. Brazil takes an active part in the formation of the conceptual foundations of the SSC, in the development of the UN strategy for promoting development and specific programs for the SSC, highlights the traditional unresolved development problems of Africa: poverty, inequality, economic and technological backwardness, to which is added collective vulnerability to external problems (fluctuations in prices on the global market, economic crises, climate change, conflicts).

4. Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC) develops its own methodology for promoting development, prepares textbooks and recommendations that reflect the basic principles and methods of horizontal technical cooperation, which is based on personnel training, transfer of new technologies (in health care, agriculture), joint research. The SSC policy in African countries has led to significant positive changes in socio-economic development.

5. Guinea-Bissau occupies a special place among the Portuguese-speaking countries of Africa. It was the first one to declare independence from Portugal in 1974 and remains one of the underdeveloped, "fragile" states. This state is characterized by permanent political instability, extreme dependence on external sources of development, and transformation into a narco-state, despite significant potential for its own development.

6. Brazil involved the UN, the CPLP to end the civil war in the country,

actively participated in the UN Peacebuilding Support Office in Guinea-Bissau

(UNOGBIS) (1999-2009), chaired the Special Structure of the UN Commission on

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Peace Consolidation (CPC), the United Nations Organization for Peace Consolidation in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS). Along with the UN peacekeeping mission to stabilize the political situation in Guinea-Bissau, it was adopted the Framework of the UN Partnership Program with Guinea-Bissau for 2016-2020 (UNPAF), which was fully consistent with the national priorities defined in the strategic national development plan "Terra Ranka".

7. The relations between Brazil and Guinea-Bissau are the example of SSC, because bilateral trading volume is very small, as well as the Brazilian investments. Brazilian specialists conducted a comprehensive assessment of the problems of economic and social development of the country and agreed on a considerable program of technical horizontal cooperation. Since 2007, there has been deepening cooperation in the fields of education, social inclusion, healthcare, human rights, agriculture, public safety, the formation of the law enforcement system, defense capability and strengthening the administrative structure of the state.

8. Within the framework of the Portuguese-Speaking Community of Countries (CPLP), Guinea-Bissau takes part in programs that unite this community through a number of projects in telecommunications, strengthen educational and scientific potential, develop healthcare institutions, expand the exchange of technologies in agriculture, and promote sustainable development.

The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is determined by the following factors:

— were identified stages in Brazil's policy towards African countries based on the country's economic and political interests, and trends characteristic of each stage;

— was conducted a comprehensive analysis of the "diplomacy of solidarity and concern" of President Lula da Silva towards African countries in 2003-2023 in the context of geopolitical and regional changes;

— were identified the main instruments in the practical implementation of the SSC, applied by the ABC in the fields of health, education, and agriculture;

— was identified the impact of changes in Brazil's foreign policy priorities on trade and economic relations with African countries during J. Bolsonaro;

— were defined the key factors in promoting political stabilization in GuineaBissau at the global and regional levels, and was established the connection between Brazilian assistance in strengthening the administrative structure, training personnel, developing the health care system, education, agriculture in stabilizing the economic and social situation in Guinea-Bissau.

The theoretical significance the study is determined by the dissertation author's contribution to the development of individual areas of the theory and history of international relations, in particular, the theory of dependence, applying these concepts to specific manifestations of South-South cooperation between Brazil and African countries in 2003-2023. The dissertation complements scientific knowledge on Brazil's foreign policy, its role in shaping a multipolar world, in world politics and economics, and its relations with African countries. Theoretical significance is also expressed in the systematization of knowledge about development problems, approaches to SSC, which allows the use of the research results in research, practice and education. The author introduces into scientific circulation a large amount of factual and analytical material, which allows filling certain gaps in the study of Brazil's policy in Africa, creating a complete picture of Brazil's technical horizontal cooperation with African countries, and for the first time showing the features of relations between Brazil and Guinea-Bissau. The scientific conclusions and provisions obtained allow using this dissertation as a basis for further research on Brazil's foreign policy, SSC and a theory of dependency and development .

Practical significance of the study. The results of this study can have a

significant impact on the problems of development and assistance to development,

studies, more effective measures to promote international development, achieve

sustainable development goals. Many conclusions of the work can be of scientific

interest to experts and analysts involved in Brazil's foreign policy and problems of

African countries' development. The study can be used for academic purposes, for

example, in universities and research centers, for training students and researchers

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in international relations and African studies. The practical examples and case studies presented in the work can serve as a basis for training courses and seminars.

Testing of research results. The main results and conclusions of the dissertation research are reflected in seven scientific publications of the dissertation author on the research topic, published in peer-reviewed scientific journals included in the List of RUDN and the Higher Attestation Commission.

Conformity of the dissertation to the passport of the scientific specialty. The scientific provisions of the dissertation correspond to the content of specialty 5.6.7 "History of International Relations and Foreign Policy".

The structure and content of the dissertation are determined by the range of studied problems and meet the stated goal, objectives, object and subject of the study. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, including nine paragraphs, a list of sources and literature, and appendices.