Инструментализация норм во внешнеполитическом соперничестве глобальных центров силы тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 00.00.00, доктор наук Виньо Анн Софи Луиз

• Виньо Анн Софи Луиз
• доктор наук
• 2025

Оглавление диссертации доктор наук Виньо Анн Софи Луиз

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Preamble

1- Current relevance of the topic

2- Degree of scientific development of the topic

3- Gap, problem, object, subject matter, goal, hypothesis and tasks

4- The theoretical-methodological basis for the research

5- Research Questions

6- Scientific novelty and 'defensible assumptions'

7- Approval of the results

8- Structure of the thesis

PART 1- THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

Chapter 1 - Norms at the Intersection of Constructivism and Realism

1- The foreign policy of global centres of power

and a multipolar world order

2- Norms in Constructivist theory

3- Transnational actors and agency

4- Norm contestation

5- Norms, State interests, and Realist Constructivism

6- Norms and soft power

7- Norms in Great Power Rivalry

8- Norm reversal, redesign and instrumentalisation

9- Conclusion

Chapter 2 - Research Design and Methodology

1- Epistemological framework of the research

2- Research Approach

3- Case study research

4- Research Design

5- Data management and confidentiality

6- Data analysis

7- Validity, credibility and generalizability of the research

8- Conclusion

PART 2 CASE-STUDY ANALYSIS

Chapter 3 - Norm Layering, Great Powers, and the Green Energy

Transition

1- Presentation of the norm of the green energy transition

2- Context of the energy transition

3- The green energy agenda in the EU and BRICS countries

4- Findings of the case-study

5- Discussion of the theoretical and policy implications of the results

6- Conclusion

Chapter 4 - Exploring norm reversal through Russia's Higher

Education System post-2021

1- Presentation of the Western norm of World-Class universities

2- The Russian implementation of the norm

3- The contestation of the norm by Great Powers

4- Context and findings of the case-study

5- Discussion of the theoretical and policy implications of the results

6- Conclusion

Chapter 5 - Norms Redesign, Great Powers and the Responsibility

to Protect

1- Presentation of the norm of the Responsibility to Protect

2- Evolution and contestation of the Responsibility to Protect

3- Findings on the normative redesign of the Responsibility to Protect by non-Western Great Powers

4- The failure to apply the R2P in the case of the Gaza Strip (2023-2024)

5- Discussion of the theoretical and policy implications of the results

6- Conclusion

CONCLUSION

1- Findings from the case studies

2- Contribution to International Relations literature

3- Policy recommendations

4- Limitations of the study

5- Guidelines for further research

5- Conclusion

REFERENCE LIST

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 New concepts

Table 2 Interview list case

Table 3 Interview list case

Table 4 Interview list case

Table 5 First level codes for case

Table 6 First level codes for case

Table 7 First level codes for case

Table 8 Second level codes for all cases

Table 9 Comparative characteristics of energy transitions

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 TEENs in the Evolution of Norms

Figure 2 Contrasting norms on individuals and norms on groups

Figure 3 Norm lifespan

Figure 4 Natural gas production/ Internal consumption ratio

Figure 5 Oil production/Internal consumption ratio

Figure 6 Renewable power consumption, exajoules

Заключение диссертации по теме «Другие cпециальности», Виньо Анн Софи Луиз

5- Conclusion

This final section, which marks the end of my thesis, briefly summarises the methodology used, the contribution to the academic literature and the main findings.

This thesis concludes, based on the analysis of three case studies and secondary sources that the impact of Great Powers on the evolution of diffused and mature norms can be significant and that norms are liable to changes in state relations and material conditions. We argue that the strategy of norm instrumentalisation and of managing its outcomes, examined through the processes of norm reversal, norm layering and norm redesign, conceptualised by the author, typically runs the risk of compromising the universality of norms and the important issues they were originally meant to deal with. As instruments for Great Powers to advance their interests and project power, norms are costly and time-consuming elements of soft power and may well lose their utility just at

the moment when they appear to have become efficient. Layering a norm is not an easy task and success in doing so leads to a politisation of the norm, which other states are frequently quick to detect, leading to their rejection of the norm. This is borne out by the following specific findings and their discussion.

1. The West's layering of the norm of the green energy transition appears more as a perceived opportunity that was deliberately seized once the norm had already been diffused and was about to be internalised than an intention from the start to promote a political agenda through decarbonisation. For this reason, it is a case of post-layering of a norm rather than pre-layering. The association of the decarbonisation agenda with politically induced energy independence and the decision to push it in tandem with other issues such as social justice, women's rights and democratisation happened after the norm was already widely accepted in the international community. While attempts to graft these political concepts on the norm were successful for a time, with fossil fuel and other countries mimicking the EU's environmental agenda, the 2021-22 crisis was a wake-up call which made the international community aware of the fact that the West was promoting its own geopolitical worldview and interests through the norm. Nonetheless, rather than leading to a blanket rejection of the norm, this new awareness has led BRICS countries, among others, to reconsider the ways in which they choose to decarbonize their economies.

2. The norm of World-Class universities was layered earlier on and represents a case of pre-layering as it is was clear to Western governments from the start that it would be advantageous to their economies, but also ideologically, to globally diffuse their model of higher education. Although the model of the liberal Western university system developed spontaneously after WW2, the idea to spread it was an attempt by the West to make other countries compete in the market of talent and R&D adhering to the rules established in the US and the UK. The norm is not just one of internationalisation but contains specific elements that make its normative status highly advantageous to the West including the use of international rankings, the priority given to the English language and the neo-liberal managerial model underpinning it. The West gained financially through an uninterrupted flow of foreign students coming to study in its highly ranked universities

and the brain-gain of the most brilliant minds from aboard, as well as the opportunity to promote its worldview through educational programs taught to foreigners at home and abroad. The use of the World Bank to legitimise the norm by claiming that developing World-Class universities was 'the right way' to promote the economic development of the Global South helped the norm thrive and mature even as its benefits were already being actively questioned by participating countries. The reversal of the norm in Russia due to unilateral restrictions revealed to the rest of the world the dependence cycle the norm generated and has made BRICS more cautious in this regard, possibly leading in time to either the regress of the norm or to a redesign with internationalisation being focused on bringing benefits home rather than allowing them to dissipate abroad.

3. The Responsibility to Protect emerged as a reframed version of humanitarian interventions legal doctrine to prevent genocide, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. It was, however, rapidly discredited due to its instrumentalisation by a number of countries attempting to justify on humanitarian pretexts their ambition to intervene in the affairs and the territory of sovereign states. The layering of this norm with political interests became most prominent in the 1990s but ran in parallel with a sincere heightened concern about atrocities taking place in the international system under the 'watch' of Great Powers. The pressure to adopt all three pillars, including military intervention, led to its abuse by the West and to the rejection of the norm by Russia, China and other members of the international community, bringing the norm to a complete standstill. The case of the failure to consider the situation in the Gaza Strip from the perspective of the Responsibility to Protect spelt out clearly for the international community that the R2P in its current shape and form was no longer operational and only deemed applicaple to countries that are in fact not allies of the United States. The rejection of the norm may not lead to regress and to its death, and vigorous attempts to redesign it, spearheaded by BRICS countries, are already gaining traction on the international stage. The new norm would likely place additional restrictions on the use of any violent measures to undermine state sovereignty and would have a wider territorial scope for its coordinated application, as well as revised mechanisms for conducting negotiations to this effect.

The three cases investigated here point to the new paths that norms can take under the influence of Great Powers, ranging from layering to reversal and redesign.

Список литературы диссертационного исследования доктор наук Виньо Анн Софи Луиз, 2025 год

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Legal documents

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3. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 19, 2022 N 414 "On some issues of application of requirements and target values of indicators related to publication activity".

4. Government Decree No. 211 of 16 March 2013 on measures of government support for leading Russian universities to increase their competitiveness among the world's leading research and education centers [Electronic resource]. — Retrieved on 23.09.2020 from https://5top100.ru/en/documents/regulations/74083/.

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