Результаты ангиопластики и коронарного шунтирования у больных с множественным поражением коронарных артерий тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 14.00.44, кандидат медицинских наук Меркулов, Евгений Владимирович

• Меркулов, Евгений Владимирович
• кандидат медицинских наук
• 2006

Оглавление диссертации кандидат медицинских наук Меркулов, Евгений Владимирович

ВВЕДЕНИЕ.

Глава 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ.

1.1 Развитие методов хирургического лечения атеросклероза коронарных артерий.

1.2 Развитие методов катетерного лечения атеросклероза коронарных артерий.

1.3 Сравнение современных подходов к хирургическому и катетерному лечению миогососудистого поражения коронарных артерий.

Глава 2. МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ.

2.1 Характеристика материала исследования.

2.2 Методы обследования и лечения.

2.3 Техники катетерной и хирургической реваскуляризации.

2.4 Методы статистического анализа.

Глава 3. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ СОБСТВЕННЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ.

3.1 Госпитальные результаты реваскуляризации больных с многососудистым поражением.

3.2 Отдаленные результаты реваскуляризации больных с многососудистым поражением.

3.3 Результаты катетерного лечения больных с коронарным атеросклерозом после операции трансплантации сердца.

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Результаты ангиопластики и коронарного шунтирования у больных с множественным поражением коронарных артерий»

Актуальность исследования.

В настоящее время помимо медикаментозной терапии больных ИБС с множественними поражениями коронарных артерий прочные позиции заняли различные методы реваскуляризации миокарда: аортокоронарное шунтирование, малоинвазивное шунтирование, эндоваскулярные методы (транслюминальная баллонная коронарная ангиопластика, атерэктомия, стентирование). Каждый из них обладает как преимуществами, так и недостатками. Коронарная баллонная ангиопластика является органосохраняющим, малотравматичным методом, выполнимым при многососудистых поражениях, позволяющим рано активизировать больных после вмешательства. Но в месте баллонированного стеноза и имплантированного стента в 15-30% (R.Shatz, 1994, C.R.Holmes, 1998) формируется рестеноз, что требует повторного вмешательства. Аортокоронарное шунтирование позволяет в течение длительного времени обеспечить нормальную перфузию миокарда через венозные и артериальные шунты. Однако, по данным различных авторов, в первый год после операции АКШ наблюдается окклюзия 15-20% венозных шунтов, а в каждый последующий год дополнительно закрываются от 1% до 4% шунтов(С.J.White, 1998), и может возникнуть необходимость в повторной операции, которая сопряжена с большим риском, чем первичное вмешательство. Проведенные ранее исследования не позволяют однозначно выбрать предпочтительный метод лечения. В связи с этим требуется проведение дополнительных исследований, результаты которых дадут возможность объективно сравнить коронарную ангиопластику и коронарное шунтирование по ближайшим и отдаленным результатам.

Поэтому сравнение ближайших и долгосрочных результатов разных техник реваскуляризации многососудистого поражения коронарных артерий является актуальным в настоящее время.

Целью исследования: является оценка ближайших и отдаленных (до 3 лет) результатов эндоваскулярной (ТБКА и стентирование) и хирургической реваскуляризации (АКШ-МКШ) многососудистого поражения коронарных артерий, а также возможностей эндоваскулярного лечения больных с атеросклеротическим поражением коронарных артерий после операции трансплантации сердца.

Задачи исследования:

1. Оценить непосредственные ангиографические результаты и исходы ангиопластики и стентирования, провести сравнение с госпитальными результатами операции аортокоронарного и маммарокоронарного шунтирования у больных с многососудистым поражением коронарных артерий.

2. Сопоставить отдаленные до 3-х лет исходы эндоваскулярного и хирургического лечения больных с многососудистым поражением коронарных артерий, проанализировать структуру осложнений после проведенного лечения.

3. Оценить роль сахарного диабета и других неблагоприятных факторов в исходах эндоваскулярного и хирургического лечения.

4. Проанализировать возможности катетерного лечения больных с атеросклеротическим поражением после операции трансплантации сердца.

Научная новизна:

Впервые в отечественной практике проведено сравнение 3-х летних результатов. эндоваскулярного и хирургического лечения ИБС. На репрезентативной группе больных ИБС с многососудистым поражением выполнено одноцентровое сравнительное изучение эффективности и безопасности различных методик реваскуляризации миокарда, что позволяет прогнозировать результаты лечения и улучшить качество оперативной помощи. Доказано, что к трем годам после реваскуляризации бессимптомными остается большее количество пациентов после КШ, чем после 4KB, различие связано с более частыми повторными реваскуляризациями в группе 4KB. Выявлено, что развитие осложнений (рестеноз, повторные 4KB и КШ) после реваскуляризации в определенной степени связано с наличием у больного сахарного диабета. Его значение максимально велико для больных после 4KB. Анализ результатов чрезкожных реваскуляризаций у больных после трансплантации сердца показал, что баллонная ангиопластика дает стойкий положительный эффект.

Практическая значимость:

Полученные данные исследования позволяют прогнозировать результаты лечения у больных с множественным поражением коронарного русла. Коронарное шунтирование и эндоваскулярное лечение позволяют эффективно и безопасно провести реваскуляризацию миокарда при стенозирующих поражениях различной морфологии с минимальным риском развития осложнений. К преимуществам эндоваскулярного лечения можно отнести малотравматичность и сокращение времени пребывания пациента в стационаре. Тем не менее, в отдаленном периоде (до 3-х лет) после эндоваскулярного лечения многососудистых поражений необходимость в повторной реваскуляризации выше, чем у прооперированных больных, что необходимо учитывать при планировании тактики лечения.

Анализ результатов эндоваскулярных вмешательств у больных, перенесших операцию трансплантации сердца, позволяет рекомендовать проведение коронарной ангиопластики в связи с развитием атеросклеротических изменений в донорских коронарных артериях, так как она не отличается по технике и ближайшим результатам от ангиопластики в нативных артериях.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Сердечно-сосудистая хирургия», Меркулов, Евгений Владимирович

выводы.

1. В сопоставимых группах сравнения полная анатомическая и функциональная реваскуляризация достижима у 71% больных с многососудистым поражением при чрескожных коронарных вмешательствах и у 87% больных при операции коронарного шунтирования.

2. Основные госпитальные осложнения (ИМ, смерть, повторные вмешательства) после реваскуляризации миокарда не имеют значимых различий между КШ и 4KB и составляют (без учета сохраняющейся стенокардии) 3% и 2% соответственно.

3. Совокупность наступления всех сердечно-сосудистых осложнений за 6 месяцев наблюдения после КШ отмечается в 24%, что значимо реже (р<0,05), чем 41% осложнений после 4KB.

4. Единственным значимым (р<0,05) отличием в сроке 6 месяцев между группами КШ и 4KB является частота повторных реваскуляризаций, составляя 7% и 22% соответственно.

5. Бессимптомное течение ИБС к 3 годам после операции\вмешательства отмечено в группе 4KB у 44% пациентов, а в группе КШ- у 56% пациентов (р<0,05). Различие связано, в основном, с более частыми повторными реваскуляризациями в группе 4KB.

6. Развитие осложнений (рестеноз, повторные 4KB и КШ) после реваскуляризации связано с наличием у больного сахарного диабета. Его значение максимально велико для больных, перенесших 4KB.

7. При чрескожных реваскуляризациях у больных после трансплантации сердца баллонная ангиопластика дает стойкий положительный эффект от 6 месяцев до 2 лет, но выраженное ремоделирование коронарных артерий провоцируется аутоиммунными процессами и приводит к быстрому прогрессированию атеросклероза в других, нелеченных сегментах артерий.

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ.

1. У больных ИБС с многососудистым поражением для лечения стенозирующего коронарного атеросклероза возможно применение как хирургического, так и эндоваскулярного метода. Выбор метода реваскуляризации у пациентов без сахарного диабета и с сохранной функцией левого желудочка может определяться лечащим врачом с учетом рекомендаций оператора и предпочтения пациента, информированного об отдаленных перспективах.

2. Для пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца и сахарным диабетом предпочтительно выполнение операции коронарного шунтирования с обязательным использованием внутренней грудной артерии в качестве шунта. Она обеспечивает максимальную выживаемость без сердечно-сосудистых осложнений у данных больных. in

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